Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The influence of dietary composition on whole-body energetics was examined during the first 2 weeks of isocaloric refeeding after low food intake in a rat model. The high energetic efficiency and energy partitioning toward fat accretion characteristic of this refeeding period were unaltered by (1) dietary fat levels varying between 6% and 30% of energy intake; (2) protein levels between 15% and 40%; (3) carbohydrate types (glucose v fructose v sucrose v starch v unrefined carbohydrate); and (4) diets containing 30% fat but differing in fatty acid composition (long-chain triglycerides [LCT] v medium-chain triglycerides [MCT] v oleic v linoleic v alpha-linolenic metabolites eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] omega-3 fatty acids). Changes were only observed for extreme diets, ie, those deficient in protein or very high in fat. Low-protein diet was the only condition in which the high metabolic efficiency characteristic of the refeeding period was partially suppressed, and this occurred despite a lack of concomitant reduction in body fat deposition. On the contrary, with high-fat diets (> 30% of dietary energy consumption) the elevated efficiency was further increased, an effect that was only partially accounted for by the lower energy cost of body fat gain from high-fat diets. These studies indicate that during body weight recovery, the mechanisms underlying the adaptive increase in metabolic efficiency favoring the replenishment of body fat stores override any effect of food type on thermogenesis, and suggest some convergence in the controlling neural pathway. The implications of these findings vis-a-vis nutritional rehabilitation (catch-up growth) and obesity relapse are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Influence of dietary composition on energy expenditure during recovery of body weight in the rat: implications for catch-up growth and obesity relapse. 146 Nov 39

Dehydroepiandrosterone (3 beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one; DHA) and DHA-sulfate are abundantly produced adrenal steroids, whose serum concentrations exceed those of other adrenal steroids. Serum concentrations of DHA and DHA-sulfate, in contrast to other adrenal steroids, exhibit a progressive age-related decline. The mechanism(s) for this selective decline in serum DHA and DHA-sulfate levels and the biologic function of these steroids remain unknown. Studies examining insulin's regulation of adrenal androgens are reviewed. These studies show that experimentally-induced hyperinsulinemia lowers serum DHA and DHA-sulfate levels, and suggest that insulin reduces serum concentrations of these steroids by inhibiting production rather than by increasing clearance. Studies examining the actions of short-term pharmacologic DHA administration to young nonobese and obese men are also reviewed. These studies suggest that DHA may possess hypolipidemic and, possibly, anti-obesity properties. They have failed, however, to demonstrate any effect of DHA on tissue insulin sensitivity.
 ...
PMID:Metabolism and actions of dehydroepiandrosterone in humans. 183 49

This review of the epidemiologic and endocrinologic literature aims to improve understanding of the etiology of premalignant breast disease. Although there are inconsistencies regarding the clinical symptoms defined as benign breast disease, there are 2 major clinical categories: cysts treated by aspiration and solid lesions treated by excision or incision biopsy. A necessary research approach is to determine which patients with benign breast disease have an increased risk of breast cancer and study them to determine whether they carry any endocrine or biologic stigmata. Epithelial hyperplasia is the lesion with greatest premalignant potential. Both population and case-control studies have examined the association between benign breast disease and the risk factors of age, reproductive history, family history of breast cancer, obesity, socioeconomic status, race, oral contraceptive use, and methylxanthines. No clear or consistent endocrine or hormonal abnormalities have been detected in women with benign breast disease. On the other hand, cyst fluid studies have revealed high amounts of androsterone sulfate and DHA-sulfate compared with serum levels. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels are highest in women with fibrocystic disease. At this point, it is unclear whther the progression from normal epithelium through atypia and hyperplasia and then in in situ carcinoma or invasive carcinoma is under hormonal control. Inconsistencies within the research literature may reflect the heterogeneity of conditions encompassed within the benign breast disease category. Since epithelial hyperplasia is likely a forerunner of breast cancer, such patients should be monitored to determine whether they exhibit a consistently abnormal pattern of hormonal production, e.g., subnormal androgen levels or elevation of free estradiol.
 ...
PMID:Epidemiology and endocrinology of benign breast disease. 390 25

The relationship of sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) with actual body weight (ABW), ideal body weight (IBW), ABW as percentage of the IBW (% IBW), Quetelet index (weight/height2) and plasma concentrations of various androgens and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) were studied in 9 normal and 57 hirsute patients (group 1). In hirsute patients, plasma levels (ng/dl, mean +/- standard error of the mean [SEM]) of testosterone (T; 77 +/- 4), dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 26 +/- 2), androstenedione (delta 4A; 184 +/- 16), and SHBG (0.91 +/- 0.05 micrograms DHT/dl) but not of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA; 608 +/- 55) and E2 (6.1 +/- 0.1) were significantly different from those in controls. A negative correlation was observed between SHBG and ABW, both in controls (P less than 0.05) and hirsute patients (P less than 0.01). The hirsute patient population was subdivided into two groups: nonobese (group 2; 60 +/- 1 kg; n = 35) and obese (group 3; 96 +/- 2 kg; n = 22). Plasma androgens, T/SHBG (an index of free T) and E2 in groups 2 and 3 (T: 75 +/- 4, 81 +/- 7; DHT: 24 +/- 2, 28 +/- 3; T/SHBG: 85 +/- 7, 105 +/- 11; delta 4A: 203 +/- 13, 155 +/- 16; DHA: 663 +/- 83, 521 +/- 49; E2: 6.1 +/- 1.0, 5.8 +/- 0.9) were similar; yet SHBG in group 3 (0.75 +/- 0.04) was significantly lower than in group 2 (1.0 +/- 0.01). Inverse correlations between SHBG and ABW, % IBW, and ABW/H2 were observed in group 2 but not in group 3. We conclude that a negative relationship exists between SHBG and the body size in nonobese women and that in hirsute patients, obesity leads to a further lowering of SHBG through mechanism(s) probably independent of androgens.
 ...
PMID:Sex-hormone-binding globulin in clinically hyperandrogenic women: association of plasma concentrations with body weight. 720 37

Between September 1990 and February 1992, we studied 70 women of post-menopausal age, of whom 33 were affected by hormone-dependent gynecologic tumors and 37 by other pathologies, measuring estrogens, androgens, SHBG and also measuring excess fat and its distribution. The aim of our research was to ascertain what relation there was between adipose tissue, taking account central or peripheric localization, the levels of sex steroids and the onset of endometrial and breast cancer. In the group of tumor patients, we found a quantity of fat mass greater than in the control group (p < 0.05); there was, beside, in the first group, an inverse proportional correlation between the SHBG levels and BMI, and between SHBG and the fat mass (P < 0.05). We also observed an inverse relation between the levels of testosterone and SHBG (P < 0.05). These findings confirm the role that the adipose tissue and androgens would have on the globulin production, which in turn would reflect on the percentage of potentially active steroids in endometrial and mammary tissues. We also wished to ascertain if the distribution of fatty tissue (prevalently abdominal or prevalently gluteo-femoral) could have different endocrine-metabolic consequences. We found a directly proportional relation between an index of central obesity, the T/L Ratio, and the levels of DHA-S (P < 0.05), but the significance of this relation is not clear, inasmuch as DHA-S is one of the least active of the androgens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:The role of the endocrine factors and obesity in hormone-dependent gynecological neoplasias. 850 Apr 93

The authors report the hormonologic characteristics of 20 obese and hirsute women meeting the criteria for adrenaltype hyperandrogenism, suppressible by dexamethasone, without hyperprolactinemia and without any late developing partial enzyme block appearance. The laboratory profile of these women differed from that of a group of women with type 1 polycystic ovaries syndrome. In this same group obese women in whom LH/FSH ratio was below 1, there was evidence under baseline conditions of a moderate increase in testosterone and delta 4-androstenedione in relation to increased plasma levels of DHA and SDHA, plasma delta 4 and delta 5-androgen levels falling precipitalely during the dexamethasone suppression test. The ACTH stimulation test revealed greater reactivity for 17 hydroxy-pregnenolone (p < 0.001) and less for 21-deoxycortisol than in the control group of normal women (p < 0.01). The essentially adrenal origin of plasma hyperandrogenism in certain cases of obesity is discussed. Insulin could increase adrenal sensitivity to ACTH and its possible action in vivo on the activity of adrenal enzymes requires clarification. The accumulation of certain androgens in the adrenal cortex could also be responsible for dysregulation of 3 beta ol-dehydrogenase and 11-hydroxylase.
 ...
PMID:[Critical study of the characterization of hyperandrogenism in a group of obese women]. 853 5

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), including docosahexaenoic acid ([DHA] 22:6 n-3), are important components of cell membranes. Low levels of DHA and other LCPUFAs in skeletal muscle membrane phospholipid are associated with insulin resistance and obesity in adults. These findings may be influenced by both dietary and genetic factors. This study aimed to investigate the interrelationships between the type of infant feeding, skeletal muscle phospholipid fatty acid (FA) composition, and glucoregulation in young children. Skeletal muscle biopsies and fasting blood samples were obtained from 56 normally nourished young children (35 males and 21 females) aged less than 2 years (mean +/- SE, 0.76 +/- 0.06) undergoing elective surgery. The dietary history was taken, and muscle phospholipid FA composition was analyzed. Subgroups of totally breast-fed and age-matched formula-fed infants were compared. Breast-fed infants (n = 13; age, 0.54 +/- 0.06 years) had a significantly higher percentage of DHA (3.63% +/- 0.22% v 1.84% +/- 0.11%, P < .0001) and total percentage of LCPUFAs (30.24 +/- 0.87% v 25.17% +/- 0.86, P < .0001) in muscle phospholipids compared with the formula-fed group (n = 12; age, 0.59 +/- 0.08 years). The totally breast-fed group had lower plasma glucose levels than the formula-fed group (4.7 +/- 0.2 v 5.4 +/- 0.2 mmol/L, P < .02). Consistent with these findings, further analysis of a group of 39 children who had either never or not recently been breast-fed showed significant inverse correlations between fasting plasma glucose and the percentage of both DHA (r = -.47, P < .003) and total LCPUFAs (r = -.38, P < .05). The results of this study show that (1) breast-feeding increases LCPUFA levels in skeletal muscle membrane and (2) early development of relatively higher levels of LCPUFAs in the phospholipid of skeletal muscle, influenced both by type of feeding and by genetic predisposition, is associated with lower fasting plasma glucose. Early changes in skeletal muscle membrane phospholipid FA saturation may play a role in the subsequent development of diseases associated with insulin resistance.
 ...
PMID:The fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle membrane phospholipid: its relationship with the type of feeding and plasma glucose levels in young children. 944 Apr 87

Both protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and obesity represent major challenges for paediatric nutrition. The aim of this review is to summarise available data regarding the effect of PEM and obesity on the availability of essential- and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) in childhood. Significantly lower arachidonate (C20:4n-6, AA) values in malnourished children than in controls is a consistent finding in all studies, whereas it is controversial whether the availability of docosahexaenoate (C22: 6n-3, DHA) is also affected. We found significantly lower percentages (% wt/wt) of both AA and DHA in plasma phospholipids [AA: 7.0 (0.7) vs 8.7 (0.8); DHA: 0.90 (0.2) vs 2.6 (0.7), median (interquartile range), P < 0.001] in severely malnourished children aged 29 (7) months than in control subjects. Product/substrate ratios indicated reduced delta-5-desaturation in children with PEM. We speculate that severely malnourished children may benefit from enhanced dietary supply of both n-6 and n-3 LC-PUFAs. In obese adults AA has been reported to constitute a lower percentage of plasma phospholipid fatty acids, and AA supplementation of weight reduction diets has been suggested. In contrast, we found significantly higher plasma phospholipid AA values [12.6 (2.4) vs 8.3 (1.4), P < 0.001] in markedly obese children aged 13.8 (1.1) years than in non-obese controls. Product/substrate ratios of the delta-6-desaturase enzyme indicated enhanced conversion activity. These data suggest that obese children do not require LC-PUFA supplementation to low fat diets. The available data indicates that both PEM and obesity alter fatty acid composition of plasma and erythrocyte membrane lipids. The underlying mechanism appears to be altered activity of the bioconversion of essential fatty acids to their LC-PUFA metabolites.
 ...
PMID:The effect of under- and overnutrition on essential fatty acid metabolism in childhood. 972 53

The effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) on obesity and diabetes were examined using KK-Ay mice fed with perilla oil (P), soybean oil (S), or lard (L), and those containing 30% fish oil (PF, SF, or LF), containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA = 9.9%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA = 18.0%). Perilla oil contained the largest proportion of linolenic acid (LNA = 61.9%). Computerized tomography (CT) scans showed narrower areas of visceral fat in the abdominal cross sections of groups given fish oil (PF, SF, and LF) and lower leptin levels (p < 0.05-p < 0.001) compared with controls (P, S, and L), without significant changes in energy intake and body weight. The highest plasma n-3PUFA content (21.31 +/- 0.35%) was attained with PF. This group contained 2.6-fold more plasma DHA (p < 0.001), and expressed 2.7-fold more UCP2 mRNA in white adipose tissue (p < 0.01) than in the P group. The epididymal fat pad (p < 0.05) weighed less, and levels of blood glucose (p < 0.05) and total cholesterol (p < 0.01) were reduced in PF compared with P.
 ...
PMID:Increased uncoupling protein2 mRNA in white adipose tissue, and decrease in leptin, visceral fat, blood glucose, and cholesterol in KK-Ay mice fed with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in addition to linolenic acid. 1033 20

Docosahexaenoic acid [DHA, 22:6(n-3)] prevents cardiovascular disease by decreasing obesity. It also prevents cancer and other geriatric diseases. We studied the chronic pleiotropic effects of DHA on transcription including that of mRNAs for uncoupling proteins (UCP). Male and female mice (9 mo old) were fed high (n-6) or high (n-3) fatty acid diets for 4 mo. Compared with controls fed high (n-6) fatty acid diets [high (n-6) group], the livers of male and female mice fed DHA [high (n-3) group] contained six- (P < 0.001) and fivefold (P < 0.001) more DHA, respectively. The high (n-3) group had less white adipose tissue [35.3% in males (P < 0.001) and 27.3% in females (P < 0.001)]. The high (n-3) group expressed more uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) in the gastrocnemius, 108% higher (P < 0.001) and 104% higher (P < 0.001) in males and females, respectively, than those in the high (n-6) group. However, the prevention of many diseases by DHA is not explained by UCP3. Thus, the gene expression profiles of both high (n-3) and high (n-6) groups were analyzed in skeletal muscle using cDNA expression array. Of 588 genes surveyed in the array, the high (n-3) group showed 12 genes (2%) including those for glucose regulators (e.g., CD38) and tumor suppressors (e.g., CTCF) that were expressed 100-340% more than those of the high (n-6) group. Furthermore, 28 genes (4.8%), including growth factors (e.g., ErbB-2 receptor) and immune regulators (e.g., interleukin-1 beta precursor) were expressed 50-90% less in the high (n-3) group than in the high (n-6) group. These results explain in part the important pleiotropic effects of DHA, which are independent of obesity control by UCP3 suppression.
 ...
PMID:Chronic docosahexaenoic acid intake enhances expression of the gene for uncoupling protein 3 and affects pleiotropic mRNA levels in skeletal muscle of aged C57BL/6NJcl mice. 1158 83


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>