Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chronic administration of scopolamine methyl nitrate, at doses much greater than required to block vagally mediated insulin secretion, reduced static phase VMH obesity by only 31%. At least 59% of the obesity persisted even when the initially effective dose (0.15 mg/Kg, 4 times/day) was increased eight-fold. The larger dose also did not prevent VMH hyperphagia and weight gain when scopolamine treatment was begun before the lesion. By ten days after the lesion, reduced gastrointestinal motility apparently prevented further weight gain. These results suggest that much of the obesity caused by VMH lesions is independent of vagally mediated insulin secretion or other excess vagal efferent activity. The doses used in this experiment were large in order to provide strong evidence for this conclusion.
 ...
PMID:VMH obesity reduced but not reversed by scopolamine methyl nitrate. 52 52

Significant reduction of angina threshold (145 Imp./min to 134 Imp./min) and increase of ST-segment depression (0.13 to 0.17 mV) indicating progression of coronary artery disease was seen in 34 subjects studied by atrial pacing at intervals betion (0.22 mV to 0.12 mV) during exercise, which correlated significantly with decrease of heart rate (121 to 110 beats/min), is interpreted as consequence of diminished sympathetic activity and myocardial O(2)-demand. The change of hemodynamic parameters during controlled exercise does not allow evaluation concerning the progress of coronary artery disease, whereas cardiac stress test with atrial pacing is reproducible. There was no difference in relation to reduction of angina threshold between the group after combined longterm medication with nitrate and ss-blocking agent and the control group. Plasma lipid abnormalities were predictive of subsequent reduction of angina threshold. Severe 2 and 3 vessel obstruction was seen more frequently in patients exhibiting reduction of angina threshold. Level of uric acid, obesity, hypertension, age, combination of risk factors, the initially studied myocardial lactate production and angina threshold during exercise and atrial pacing had no predictive value concerning reduction of angina threshold.
 ...
PMID:[Course of coronary disease. Evaluation of prognosis and progression of coronary insufficiency with atrial pacing and ergometry]. 113 Jan 29

Three series of experiments investigated the role of hyperinsulinemia and the vagus nerve in the hyperphagia and obesity syndrome produced in female rats by knife cuts in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). The findings of the first series revealed that VMH cuts do not produce hyperinsulinemia when the rats are prevented from overeating, but insulin levels are elevated in rats allowed to overeat. The second series of experiments demonstrated that VMH-cut rats overconsume sweet sugar solutions during daily short-term tests, and that pharmacological blockade of vagal efferent activity with atropine methyl nitrate fails to inhibit this overconsumption. The third study revealed that subdiaphragmatic vagotomy completely blocks VMH hyperphagia and obesity on a chow diet, but does not prevent overeating and rapid weight gain in rats fed an assortment of highly palatable food. These findings indicate that vagally mediated insulin release is not an essential component to the VMH knife cut syndrome.
 ...
PMID:The role of hyperinsulinema and the vagus nerve in hypothalamic hyperphagia reexamined. 701 36

A case-control study of 168 cases with endometrial cancer and 334 controls was conducted in Birmingham, Alabama, between June 1985 and December 1988. Cases were identified at the University of Alabama Hospital and in a private practice; controls were selected from among women who attended the University optometry clinic. A food frequency questionnaire that evaluated the intake of 55 nutrients and 116 foods was obtained for 103 cases and 236 controls. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of diet on endometrial cancer after adjustment for total calories, age, race, education, obesity, smoking status, age at menarche, number of pregnancies, age at menopause, diabetes, hypertension, and use of exogenous estrogens. High intake of certain micronutrients was associated with a decreased risk of endometrial cancer: the odds ratio for subjects in the upper tertile versus those in the lower tertile was 0.4 for both carotene and nitrate (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2-0.8 and 0.2-0.9, respectively). There also was an inverse association between endometrial cancer and protein consumption (trend test; p = 0.002), and a moderate direct association with cholesterol intake (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 0.9-3.7) when terms for both these macronutrients were included in a logistic model. Total intake of animal and vegetable fat were not associated with endometrial cancer. More frequent consumption of several vegetables and certain dairy products was associated with a statistically significant decreased risk of endometrial cancer. These results suggest that diet plays an important role in the etiology of endometrial cancer.
 ...
PMID:Diet and endometrial cancer: a case-control study. 846 Jun 21

Our object was to evaluate the effects of regular mild exercise on blood pressure and on circulating level of ouabainlike factors (OLF) and of nitrate anion, an endproduct of nitric oxide (NO) in humans. We measured plasma ouabainlike immunoreactivity (OLI) and nitrate ions (NO3.) before and after mild exercise for 3 months' duration in 16 patients with essential hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, or hyperlipidemia. Plasma OLI was measured using an amplified ELISA system with anti-ouabain antibody and biotinyl-tyramide. Serum NO3. was measured with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an anion-exchange column. With the reverse phase HPLC system with an octa decylsilyl silicagel column, the elution volume of plasma OLI of a healthy volunteer matched that of authentic ouabain in a gradient elution system of acetonitrile/H2O. Plasma OLI levels decreased significantly by about 34% after mild exercise, and NO3. levels tended to be within the reference interval in normal volunteers. Body weight, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, serum triglyceride and acetylcholine esterase (a marker of the fatty liver) were significantly decreased (p < 0.01) after 3 months of regular mild exercise. The plasma OLI level was significantly correlated with plasma NO3., there was a trend toward a correlation with diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.06) before and after regular exercise. Regular mild exercise led to a decrease in plasma levels of OLI, and acetylcholine esterase activity and blood pressure in adult patients. Results suggest that changes in OLF production contribute to the blood pressure regulation seen in patients who exercise regularly.
 ...
PMID:Vasodepressor effects of exercise are accompanied by reduced circulating ouabainlike immunoreactivity and normalization of nitric oxide synthesis. 910 42

Obesity is a major health care problem and is associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity. Leptin, a neuroendocrine hormone released by adipose tissue, is important in modulating obesity by signaling satiety and increasing metabolism. Moreover, leptin receptors are expressed on vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and mediate angiogenesis. We hypothesized that leptin may also play an important role in vasoregulation. We investigated vasoregulatory mechanisms in the leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mouse model and determined the influence of leptin replacement on endothelial-dependent vasorelaxant responses. The direct effect of leptin on EC nitric oxide (NO) production was also tested by using 4, 5-diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate staining and measurement of nitrate and nitrite concentrations. Vasoconstrictor responses to phenylephrine, norepinephrine, and U-46619 were markedly enhanced in aortic rings from ob/ob mice and were modulated by NO synthase inhibition. Vasorelaxant responses to ACh were markedly attenuated in mesenteric microvessels from ob/ob mice. Leptin replacement resulted in significant weight loss and reversal of the impaired endothelial-dependent vasorelaxant responses observed in ob/ob mice. Preincubation of ECs with leptin enhanced the release of NO production. Thus leptin-deficient ob/ob mice demonstrate marked abnormalities in vasoregulation, including impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilation, which is reversed by leptin replacement. These findings may be partially explained by the direct effect of leptin on endothelial NO production. These vascular abnormalities are similar to those observed in obese, diabetic, leptin-resistant humans. The ob/ob mouse may, therefore, be an excellent new model for the study of the cardiovascular effects of obesity.
 ...
PMID:Reduction of obesity, as induced by leptin, reverses endothelial dysfunction in obese (Lep(ob)) mice. 1109 May 93

In an open-label self-controlled study of 1,350 patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP), we previously demonstrated that 50 mg of isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN) slow release formulation once daily not only provided a better antianginal effect but also a better quality of life (QOL) than did the daily administration of multiple small doses of the compound. It is unknown whether certain patient characteristics contribute to this benefit. The objective of this article was to determine what independent factors contribute to this benefit. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed on the data from these 1,350 patients. Quality of life was assessed by the Marquis QOL-questionnaire for patients with angina and included the domains of immobility, pain, and psychological distress. For the purpose of this study, overall QOL was calculated as the pooled sums of the domain scores and expressed as mean scores on an ordinal scale of 10. Age did not influence the beneficial effect of nitrate therapy on QOL. Neither did gender, rhythmic disturbances, peripheral artery disease, or the concomitant use of calcium channel blockers or beta blockers. New York Heart Association (NYHA) angina classification was an independent variable: patients with a NYHA class I or II benefited less than did patients with NYHA III or IV (p = 0.02). Obese patients as well as hypertensive patients benefited less (p = 0.04 and 0.02), and smokers tended to benefit less also (p = 0.08). In contrast, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus improved the beneficial effect of nitrates on QOL (p = 0.03 and 0.05). The authors conclude that patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and concomitant diabetes mellitus or hypercholesterolemia, a category particularly prone to early endothelial dysfunction and thus dysfunctional endogenous nitric oxide (NO) production, may benefit more from NO-donor therapy than patients without such concomitant conditions.
 ...
PMID:Factors influencing efficacy of nitrate therapy for stable angina pectoris: a multiple linear regression analysis. 1113 92

The mechanisms underlying the development of hypertension in obesity are not yet fully understood. We recently reported the development of hypertension in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. When Sprague-Dawley rats (n=60) are fed a moderately high fat diet (32 kcal% fat) for 10 to 16 weeks, approximately half of them develop obesity (obesity-prone [OP] group) and mild hypertension (158+/-3.4 mm Hg systolic pressure), whereas the other half (obesity-resistant [OR] group) maintains a body weight equivalent to that of a low fat control group and is normotensive (135.8+/-3.8 mm Hg). We examined the potential role of oxidative stress in the development of hypertension in this model. Lipid peroxides measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances showed a significant increase in the LDL fraction of OP rats (2.8+/-0.32 nmol malondialdehyde/mg protein) compared with OR and control rats (0.9+/-0.3 nmol malondialdehyde/mg protein). Also, aortic and kidney thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances showed a significant (3- and 5- fold) increase in OP rats after 16 weeks of diet. In addition, superoxide generation by aortic rings, measured by lucigenin luminescence, showed a 2-fold increase in the OP group compared with both the OR and control groups. In addition, free isoprostane excretion and nitrotyrosine in the kidney showed an increase in OP rats only. The urine and plasma nitrate/nitrite measured by the LDH method showed a 1.8-fold decrease in OP rats compared with OR rats. However, endothelial NO synthase expression in the kidney cortex and medulla assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed a strong increase in the OP rats versus OR and control rats (endothelial NO synthase/beta-actin ratio 1.3+/-0.04 in OP rats versus 0.44+/-0.02 in OR rats), suggesting a possible shift toward superoxide production by the enzyme. Collectively, the data show a decreased NO bioavailability in OP animals that is due in part to the increased oxidative stress.
 ...
PMID:Oxidative stress in a rat model of obesity-induced hypertension. 1123 Mar 34

In idiopathic calcium urolithiasis the relationships between oxypurines, accompanying proteins and glucose in urine and plasma, and the associated metabolic activity (MA) are unknown. To establish whether MA is related to these parameters and to calcium oxalate crystallization, or whether it reflects a reaction of metabolism to systemic insults was the major goal of the work. One hundred fifty one males were studied in three trials: trial 1 (n=130 patients) and trial 2 (n=24 patients) were cross-sectional; trial 3 included 11 patients and 14 controls). Mean age was 46 years (trials 1 and 2) and 29 years (trial 3). In trial 1 the stratification was based on the median urinary oxypurine excretion, in trial 2 on the median plasma oxypurine concentration (below or above: Low and High subgroups). No dietary restrictions were imposed, but standardized ambulatory laboratory testing was carried out. MA was quantitated by a score. Established analytical methods were used, except for oxypurine measurement which was done by high performance liquid chromatography. Patients with kidney stones tended to be overweight (body mass index >25 kg/(m)2) and to have fasting hyperglycemia. In trial 1 severe oxypurinuria, and especially severe xanthinuria, was associated with an increase in urinary pH, creatinine clearance, proteins, uric acid, malonedialdehyde (indicator of lipid peroxidation), systolic blood pressure, and with a decrease in plasma uric acid (synonymous with a decrease of antioxidant capacity). Tubular reabsorption of proteins and stone-forming substances was diminished but MA remained unchanged despite slightly increased calcium oxalate crystal growth. In trial 2 high adenosine and xanthine coincided with elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high uric acid with high urinary malonedialdehyde, high summed oxypurines minus uric acid with an increase of diastolic blood pressure, glycemia and MA; urinary nitrate (indicator of systemic vasodilation) was unchanged. In trial 3 patients' oxypurinemia and proteinuria were normal, but body mass index, glycemia and insulinemia were increased. Urinary total protein, albumin and non-albumin proteins were positively predicted (multivariate regression analysis) by urinary xanthine, glucose and pH (trial 1); MA was positively (trial 3) or negatively (trial 2) predicted by urinary total protein. In calcium urolithiasis, a disorder of affluence, 1) oxypurinuria and proteinuria and oxypurinemia and MA appear causally linked, presumably via oxidant/antioxidant imbalance-induced renal tissue damage; 2) urinary proteins may act as inhibitors or promoters of stone-forming processes; 3) a stone-initiating role of impaired vasodilatation is conjectural; 4) overweight, obesity, mild glucosuria and hyperdynamic blood circulation are regular signs.
 ...
PMID:Oxypurines, protein, glucose and the functional state of blood vasculature are markers of renal calcium stone-forming processes? Observations in men with idiopathic recurrent calcium urolithiasis. 1200 17

A total of 28 patients with stage II hypertensive disease (HD) were examined, their age ranging between 32 to 64 years. Of these, 17 subjects were diagnosed as having had alimentary obesity. The control group comprised 11 subjects with normal level of arterial pressure and body mass. Studied in the above patients were blood serum content of nitrogen oxide by determining levels of its stable metabolites NO2- and NO3- anions. HD patients presenting with normal body weight and those with obesity demonstrated significantly lower blood serum levels of anions NO2- and NO3- as compared to healthy subjects. In HD patients, obesity is accompanied by a more significant reduction in blood serum levels of NO2- and NO3-, which fact might be caused by inhibition of nitratereductase.
 ...
PMID:[Endothelial dysfunction in obese hypertensive patients]. 1271 5


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Next >>