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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Six grossly obese patients were fed 5000 calorie diets for 4 wk. During one period of 2 wk, the calories were consumed over 4 hr (gorging) and during the other 2 wk, the dietary intake was spread over 20 hr (nibbling). Each of these periods followed a low caloric intake which lasted at least 10 days. Three male patients (group I) were studied at or near their maximal weight and three females (group II) after a weight loss of 50-70 kg. The patients in group II gained more weight than those in group I. Lipogenesis from pyruvate was greater in group II than in group I. Rapid ingestion of food (gorging) was accompanied by a significant increase in glyceride-glycerol-(14)C and fatty acids-(14)C from pyruvate-(14)C. The enzymatic activity of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial glycerophosphate oxidase paralleled the rate of formation of glyceride-glycerol. Lipogenesis from pyruvate was significantly lower when the bicarbonate concentration was reduced from 25 to 10 mM. Citrate and acetate were also converted to fatty acids but there was no difference between gorging and nibbling. An inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase significantly reduced the conversion of pyruvate into CO(2), glyceride-glycerol, and fatty acids. These data on gorging and nibbling have been related to other studies suggesting that the frequency of food intake may be inversely related to obesity.
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PMID:Lipogenesis in human adipose tissue: some effects of nibbling and gorging. 501 Oct 99

To investigate the metabolic effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome was evaluated before and after long-term therapy with this drug. The effects of suppression of pituitary gonadotropins and ovarian sex steroids were correlated with the response to an oral glucose load and with a serum lipid profile. Twenty of 25 women with polycystic ovary syndrome weighted more than 150% of their ideal body weight. None of the patients had fasting hyperglycemia. Fasting and peak serum insulin responses to glucose were abnormally high in most patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fasting serum insulin had a significant positive correlation with percent ideal body weight (r = .7, P less than .01). High density lipoprotein cholesterol was low in all patients studied, whereas total cholesterol and serum triglyceride levels were normal. Therapy with medroxyprogesterone acetate did not affect body weight, glucose tolerance, or serum lipids. The correlations between serum testosterone and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or insulin levels were not significant (P greater than .1). The authors conclude that medroxyprogesterone acetate does not affect the metabolic syndrome of obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol that is commonly seen in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.
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PMID:Abnormalities of fuel metabolism in the polycystic ovary syndrome. 621 33

The effect of a single dose of 150 mg depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) on pituitary, ovarian, and endometrial function was assessed in relation to the peripheral levels of the compound in 8 women. The levels of DMPA, follitropin (FSH), lutropin (LH), prolactin, estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P) were measured 3 times/week during a pretreatment (control) cycle and then daily during postinjection weeks 14-17, 22-25, and 30-33. An endometrial biopsy specimen was obtained during postinjection weeks 17, 25, and 33. In 3 of 8 subjects the daily hormone assays carried out during postinjection weeks 30-33 indicated anovulatory periods; in these subjects, peripheral blood was drawn daily during postinjection weeks 46-49 and a 4th endometrial biopsy was taken during week 49. Plasma DMPA levels during the 14th postinjection week varied between 0.90 and 2.24 nmol/1, declined gradually, and became undetectable between weeks 17-24 (4 cases) or some time after week 33 (the other 4 cases). No correlation was found between the time when DMPA levels became undetectable and the obesity index.
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PMID:Return of ovulation following a single injection of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. 623 45

Thirteen cats with diabetes mellitus were evaluated. Clinical signs included polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, lethargy, and weight loss. Results of physical examination included obesity, hepatomegaly, mild seborrhea sicca, muscle wasting, and dehydration. One cat walked plantigrade and was suspected of having a diabetic neuropathy. Persistent hyperglycemia, glucosuria, high liver enzyme activities, hypercholesterolemia, hyperproteinemia, and low electrolyte concentrations were the common laboratory findings. In 3 cats diabetes mellitus developed after megestrol acetate therapy; 2 of these cats required only temporary insulin treatment. In a 3rd cat, which had no history of receiving diabetogenic drug therapy, remission of diabetes mellitus also was observed. Serum insulin and plasma glucose concentrations were determined in 6 cats after administration of an intermediate-acting insulin (isophane insulin) and in 3 cats after administration of a long-acting insulin (protamine zinc insulin). The insulin concentration peaked 2 to 6 hours after the injection of intermediate-acting insulin and 6 to 12 hours after the injection of long-acting insulin. The lowest glucose concentration was recorded 4 to 8 hours after injection of intermediate-acting insulin, and 6 to 12 hours after injection of long-acting insulin. It was concluded that, although insulin therapy must be adjusted to the individual, the diabetic cat usually requires twice-daily administration of isophane insulin; however, the protamine zinc insulin can be given once daily for satisfactory control.
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PMID:Insulin therapy in cats with diabetes mellitus. 629 64

Synthesis of fatty acids was measured in the liver and in epididymal adipose tissue of sand rats and albino rats. In chow-fed sand rats the rate of hepatic lipogenesis, as measured by the incorporation of 3H2O into fatty acids, was four- to sevenfold higher than in albino rats and in sand rats on a low-calorie saltbush diet. The contribution of [14C]glucose to lipogenesis in sand rat liver was lower than in albino rats. In fed sand rats lipogenesis incorporating 3H2O was stimulated by casein but not by glucose. In adipose tissue, lipogenesis measured 1 h after administration of 3H2O was much lower in sand rats than in albino rats. In vitro incorporation of [14C]glucose or acetate into adipose tissue fatty acids was negligible. In adipose tissue, uptake of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and lipoprotein lipase activity were sevenfold higher than in albino rats. Activities of NADP-malate dehydrogenase, acetyl CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthetase were considerably higher in the liver of chow-fed sand rats than in albino rats. It was concluded that obesity in sand rats originates from hepatic lipogenesis without a significant contribution of local fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue.
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PMID:Lipogenesis in the sand rat (Psammomys obesus). 634 15

After adrenalectomy in obese mice the rate of weight gain parallels that in lean controls and falls progressively behind that in intact ob/ob mice. Food intake was reduced to normal, but the body temperature of adrenalectomized ob/ob mice was similar to that of intact ob/ob mice and remained below that of control lean mice. After exposure to an ambient temperature of 6 degrees C the body temperature in adrenalectomized ob/ob mice fell at the same rate as in intact ob/ob mice. The increase in tail length, brain weight, spleen weight, and muscle weight after adrenalectomy in ob/ob mice could not be duplicated by reducing the weight gain of ob/ob mice to that of the adrenalectomized mice. Similarly the induction of obesity with gold thioglucose significantly increased the weight of the gastrocnemius muscle and spleen rather than lowering it to levels found in ob/ob mice. Treatment of adrenalectomized ob/ob mice with cortisone acetate, but not with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), reduced muscle weight, spleen weight, brain weight, and the growth in tail length. Both cortisone and DOCA increased food intake, liver weight, growth rate, and the weight of the adipose tissue in ob/ob mice. These effects are significantly greater than observed in comparably treated lean animals and suggest that glucocorticoids of adrenal origin play an integral role in the phenotypic expression of genetic obesity. These data also indicate that the hypothermia is not a sufficient cause of the obesity in the ob/ob mice, since hypothermia persists in the adrenalectomized mice, but when food intake falls to normal there is no progression of the obesity.
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PMID:Adrenalectomy and food restriction in the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse. 642 Nov 74

The 3-hydroxymethyl N-methyl piperidine (4-chlorophenoxy) acetate, hydrochloride, A, has been tested for its effect on feeding behavior. This first non-amphetamine substance, with low toxicity and without psychotropic activity, affects the satiety center by reducing gold thioglucose-induced obesity in mice.
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PMID:[Effect of 3-hydroxymethyl-N-methylpiperidine (4-chlorophenoxyacetate) hydrochloride on feeding behavior. Toxicity and neuropsychopharmacology]. 643 93

Children recovering from severe malnutrition on a milk based diet have low plasma zinc concentrations: children recovering on a soya based diet have much lower plasma zinc concentrations, lower rates of weight gain, and higher energy costs of tissue deposition. However, they do not demonstrate the clinical features of anorexia, diarrhea, and skin lesions usually associated with zinc deficiency. We therefore supplemented 16 children with zinc acetate on the basis that a therapeutic response to zinc constitutes the best evidence of a preexisting zinc deficiency. Fourteen of the 16 children had an immediate and definite increase in their rate of weight gain with zinc supplementation. This was associated with a decrease in the energy cost of tissue deposition, regrowth of the thymus, and activation of the sodium pump. We conclude that the children were indeed zinc deficient. We suggest that the anorexia of zinc deficiency is related to an inability to metabolize nitrogen in the zinc deficient state, and that our children did not show an appetitive response because of the relatively low protein content of the diets we used. Based on the premise that the abnormalities seen in our children may have been secondary to mild zinc deficiency, we suggest that limitation of lean tissue synthesis, with resultant obesity, and a propensity to infection are the major features of a mild zinc deficiency. Children undergoing a period of "catch up" weight gain or growth should have supplemental zinc, particularly if they have had diarrhea or if the use of a soya based formula is contemplated.
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PMID:Effect of zinc supplementation on the dietary intake, rate of weight gain, and energy cost of tissue deposition in children recovering from severe malnutrition. 678 72

A reappraisal of endometrial cancer over the past decade reveals: 1) new concepts in its pathologic nature; 2) increase in incidence; 3) acceptance of the theory of hormonal relation; and 4) acceptance of individualization of treatment. Although endometrial carcinoma is still thought of as a predominantly well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, an increase in more virulent tumors has been seen in recent years. These include: adenosquamous carcinoma; adenoacanthoma; mesodermal sarcomas; and adenometous hyperplasia. Women at high risk for these tumors include those suffering from obesity, infertility, failure of ovulation, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and those on long-term estrogen therapy. These women can be recognized and monitored by means of endometrial biopsy of the aspiration-curettage type. Adenomatous hyperplasia, the precursor of cancer, requires treatment with progestin or hysterectomy according to patient's age and reproductive status. Estrogens should be used only when indications are clear and in the smallest possible dose for the shortest period of time until the therapeutic goal is achieved. Aggressiveness of treatment should correspond to virulence of tumor. Dilatation and curettage under anesthesia should be used for clinical staging of endometrial cancer. Other means of treating endometrial cancers' include: total hysterectomy; bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy; iliac-aortic lymphadenectomy; pelvic irradiation; radical hysterectomy; chemotherapy, and a drug regimen (including cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, fluorouracil, megestrol acetate).
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PMID:Current concepts in cancer: The changing nature of endometrial cancer. 735 80

From this review it is obvious that no one pharmacologic agent is universally useful in the treatment of OSA. However, as mentioned in the introductory remarks above, the expectation of beneficial results in a heterogenous population of patients with OSA by specific-acting pharmacologic agents may be somewhat irrational. In addition to this problem, studies performed to date are often not controlled and are usually investigations in small numbers of subjects. However, from the data produced it is apparent that OSA precipitated by endocrinologic problems will improve with hormone replacement. Medroxyprogesterone has been shown to be especially useful in patients with an obesity-hypoventilation component to their disease. Protriptyline may also be useful, but its usefulness is impaired by significant adverse effects. Most likely, both medroxyprogesterone and protriptyline would be more tolerable in female OSA patients, but unfortunately, most of the OSA patient groups studied to date have been composed exclusively of male subjects. Therefore, we do not know if these agents would be more effective and better tolerated in female patients with OSA. The roles of ACE inhibitors and buspirone are not yet established. Serotonin-active agents may be useful in some patients with OSA, but the characteristics of responders are not defined for appropriate patient selection. Much work remains ahead to identify effective pharmacologic agents for OSA. Once identified, these agents must be tested in representative patient groups with a double-blind, placebo-controlled study design in multicenter trials to test the value of these agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Pharmacologic treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. 760 29


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