Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chronification of migraine occurs in approximately 3% of entire cases annually. Some risk factors, like obesity and affective disorder, exacerbate the migraine disease conditions. The incidence of migraine chronification is dependent on the baseline frequency of migraine attacks. Functional MRI data support that dysfunction of the descending anti-nociceptive systems plays an important role in the development of migraine chronification. Moreover, several studies employing voxel-based morphometry have revealed morphological alterations of gray matter density in various brain regions, some of which are irrelevant to the sensory or limbic systems. It remains to be determined whether such organic changes are either causative of or attributable to migraine chronification. A preclinical study showed that cortical spreading depression can activate matrix metalloproteinase-9, potentially leading to disruption of blood-brain barrier and subsequent parenchymal damage. We demonstrated that TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily, member 1) stimulation in the trigeminal nociceptors induces morphological changes of microglia and astrocytes in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Recently, botulinum neurotoxin type-A (BoNT-A) has been approved for patients with chronic migraine. The primary action of BoNT-A is inhibition of regulated exocytosis at the peripheral nerve terminals, raising the possibility that certain peripheral factors are implicated in the development of migraine chronification.
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PMID:[Mechanisms underlying migraine chronification]. 2319

Rapid growth of the overweight population and the number of obese individuals in recent decades suggests that current strategies based on diet, exercise, and pharmacological knowledge are not sufficient to address this epidemic. Obesity is the result of a high caloric intake and energy storage, not counterbalanced by an equally important energy expense. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) use is rapidly expanding to include treatment of a variety of ophthalmological, gastrointestinal, urological, orthopedic, dermatological, secretory, painful, and cosmetic disorders. Many studies evaluating the effect of BoNT-A in gastric antrum e/o fundus for the treatment of obesity have been published. This treatment modality was based on the observation that gastric injection of BoNT-A in laparatomized rats induced a significant reduction of food intake and body weight. These studies have been published yielding debated results. Differences in the selection of patients, the doses of BoNT-A, the method of administration of the toxin, and the instruments of evaluation of some parameters among these studies may be the cause. In this review, it will study the state-of-the-art use of BoNT-A in obesity basic science models and review the clinical evidence on the therapeutic applications of BoNT-A for obesity.
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PMID:Botulinum Toxin A for Controlling Obesity. 2768 39