Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of a new complex oligosaccharide (Bay g 5421) of microbial origin on human intestinal alpha-glucosidehydrolase activity was tested in mucosal homogenate from human small bowel biopsy specimens. The alpha-glucosidehydrolase inhibitor (alpha-GHI) exerted a potent inhibitory effect on glucoamylase, sucrase, and maltase, was minimally effective on isomaltase, and did not affect trehalase and lactase activity. Kinetic analysis revealed a fully competitive type of inhibition with a Ki of 1.3 x 10(-6) M; thus the inhibitor had a 15,000-fold higher affinity to the enzyme sucrase than its natural substrate sucrose. The new compound may prove to be useful in the study of carbohydrate maldigestion and malabsorption and may possibly be of therapeutic benefit in diabetes and obesity.
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PMID:Inhibition of human intestinal alpha-glucosidehydrolases by a new complex oligosaccharide. 44 22

Five patients in whom small-intestinal bypass was performed for severe obesity had a second operation 11-19 months later because of insufficient weight loss. Mucosal enzyme activities and histological appearance were investigated in biopsies from different parts of the functioning and excluded small intestine. These were compared with biopsies form corresponding sites obtained at the first operation. In addition to a prominent increase in length, circumference, and mucosal thickness in the functioning shunt, the disaccharidases and two intracellular beta-galactosidases increased in specific activity,, especially in the distal ileal part of the shunt. In the excluded segment of the small intestine different enzymes showed a different response: trehalase increased and alkaline phosphate decreased significantly. Other enzymes that were measured showed a varied pattern. The results indicated that not only the luminal content but also other, presumably hormonal, factors regulated the enzyme activities, and that different regulating factors influenced the various enzymes differently. The marked adaptive increase in mucosal surface of the functioning shunt could be one factor in explaining the weight stabilisation and, in some cases, weight increase after the initial rapid weight loss after the operation for small-intestinal bypass. The increase in specific enzyme activities would further increase the digestive capacity of the shunt.
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PMID:Enzyme activities and morphological appearance in functioning and excluded segments of the small intestine after shunt operation for obesity. 48 50

Small intestinal morphologic and biochemical changes were studied following jejuno-ileal bypass for obesity after body weight stabilization had occurred. Four patients underwent biopsy of in-continuity and bypassed jejunal and ileal segments of the small intestine 11 to 22 months after the bypass operation. Microscopically, marked mucosal villus hypertrophy of the in-continuity bowel was observed, especially in the ileum. Bypassed jejunal mucosa underwent atrophy compared with pre-bypass jejunum, whereas bypassed ileum appeared similar microscopically to pre-bypass ileum. The specific activities of mucosal disaccharidase enzymes (maltase, sucrase, lactase and trehalase) in units per mg protein remained similar to pre-bypass levels in segments of the in-continuity jejunum and the bypassed jejunum and ileum. On the other hand, elevated mucosal disaccharidase levels were measured in biopsy specimens of the in-continuity ileum. Total enzyme activity per unit length of intestine, however, was estimated to be elevated in both in-continuity jejunum and ileum secondary to mucosal villus hypertrophy. These data indicate that following small bowel bypass: (1) the in-continuity ileum undergoes greater biochemical and morphologic adaptation than the jejunum; and (2) intraluminal nutrients and chyme appear to be essential to maximal intestinal adaptation.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal adaptation following small bowel bypass for obesity. 87 Dec 20

The longitudinal distribution of various enzymes along the human small intestine was studied by analysis of biopsies from different parts of the small intestine, obtained from 13 patients during shunt-operation for severe obesity. Alkaline phosphatase and 3 glycolytic enzyme activities studied were rather uniformly distributed along the small intestine. Acid beta-galactosidase and hetero beta-galactosidase activities were highest in the proximal small intestine with a gradual decline throughout the intestine. The activity in the distal ileum was about half of the maximum activity. Maltase, isomaltase, sucrase, and trehalase activity had a broad maximum in the proximal and middle small intestine with a rather sharp decrease in the distal ileum. Lactase activity had a more pronounced maximum in the middle intestine with a pronounced decrease towards the proximal and distal ends. The disaccharidase activities in surgical biopsies taken 5 cm distal to the ligament of Treitz were about 10% higher than in peroral biopsies taken just at the ligament.
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PMID:Distribution of disaccharidases, alkaline phosphatase, and some intracellular enzymes along the human small intestine. 117 59

By the end of the 2010-s the prevalence of obesity among the indigenous people of the North approached to the all-Russia one and the speed of the spread of other metabolic disorders exceeded the average all-country levels. Aim of this review is to analyze data on the increase in consumption and variety of sugars coupled with a genetic specificity of regulation of saccharidase activity and their possible impact on the matters. Results. It have been shown that the traditional protein-lipid-based northern type diet has substantially changed and now contains a high proportion of carbohydrates. The carbohydrate per capita consumption among the indigenous people of the North has reached the all-Russia average level (40 kg per year) which exceeds the European average of 36.2 kg per year. The variety of food disaccharides has also considerably increased. The daily consumption of sucrose, at the beginning of the 20th century it was the only sugar contained in the store-bought foods, increased from 30 g in the 1930s to 63-65 g in the 1990s. In addition, the proportion of sucrose dropped to 60-70 per cent, while the contribution of other disaccharides (lactose, trehalose) reached 30-40 per cent. Daily starch consumption has also increased and got close to the national average (males 228.5 g, females 157.5 g per day). Such a diet in itself increases the risk of metabolic disorders and obesity. The high prevalence of the genotypes that determine reduced levels or inability to produce sucrase-isomaltase, lactase, trehalase, salivary and pancreatic amylases among northerners becomes a negative cofactor. The evolutionary driven and embodied in genotype reduced ability of the indigenous Arctic people to digest complex carbohydrates is in a conflict with the growing consumption of sugars and starchy foods in modern conditions. The northern people have a high proportion of carriers of the AG deletion in SI gene (3.5-14.3% against 0.05-0.2% among Europeans) which determines malabsorption of sucrose. The CC/LCT genotype (96.6% in northerners, 36-49% in Russians) presumes lactose intolerance and is associated with the risk of childhood obesity. The occurrence of A allele in the rs2276064 locus of TREH gene (trehalose intolerance; 31.3-58.9% in northerners, 1.9% in Europeans) increases the probability of the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. According to preliminary estimates, 28-52% of the northerners completely lost AMY gene that precludes or drastically reduces the ability to digest starch. A reduction in the number of copies of AMY gene (the average number of copies AMY2A - 4, in, in northerners it is 1.0-1.4) is associated with overweight and obesity. Conclusion. The analysis shows that, in the case of the modern indigenous northerners, nutritional and genetic risks of metabolic disorders accumulate.
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PMID:[Carbohydrate-related nutritional and genetic risks of obesity for indigenous northerners]. 3081 Nov 29