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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
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The authors investigated in rats with dietarily-induced obesity certain biochemical parameters of the blood plasma as well as body and organ weights during the dynamic and the static phase of obesity development. They determined total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea nitrogen and transaminases. After 4-5 weeks, the animals on a high-diet (50% of fat) had body weights which were, on an average, by 90% higher than those of the control animals. This difference persisted during the static phase. In the animals on a high-fat diet, body length was greater. The high-fat diet (which contains a great proportion of sunflower oil) leads to a decrease of the plasma cholesterol level in obese rats. The plasma-protein bodies, creatinine and urea nitrogen values as well as those for transaminases permit, as parameters for function and damage, to draw conclusions as to kidney and liver damages in the animals on high-fat diet. There were no differences in plasma protein between the control and experimental animals. On the contrary, obese rats showed in some cases high creatinine concentrations during the dynamic phase. Differences in urea nitrogen were not observed between the two groups of animals. Increases in alanine aminotransferase were found in the animals on high-fat diet as a manifestation of fatty degeneration of the liver. A synopsis of weight curves, biochemical parameters and histological findings permits the conclusion that, besides of dietarily-induced metabolic alterations, no additional organic lesions occurred during the present animal experiment on dietarily-induced obesity.
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PMID:[Biochemical parameters of blood plasma, and body and organ weights of Wistar rats with dietarily-induced experimental obesity]. 95 62

Blood samples from 9,215 blood donors in three U.K. centres (North London, Bristol and Manchester) were tested for their alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level and the presence of anti-HBc and anti-HCV. This paper presents the results of the ALT and anti-HBc tests. The prevalence of ALT > 45 IU/l was 3.1% overall (North London 3.06%, Bristol 4.56% and Manchester 1.97%). Manchester results were skewed by the methodology used for ALT measurement, highlighting the need for standard test methods. Anti-HBc was detected using the Wellcome enzyme-immunosorbent assay (EIA) and confirmatory testing was performed using a radioimmunoassay (RIA) and the Corecell haemagglutination assay. Repeat reactive rates were 0.9, 0.79 and 0.94% for North London, Bristol and Manchester, respectively, with an overall rate of 0.9%. The confirmed positive rate was 0.73, 0.53 and 0.65% for the three centres with an overall rate of 0.63%. Donors with an ALT > 45 IU/l, or with confirmed anti-HBc, were interviewed with a medical questionnaire for risk factors. The major contributing factors in donors with a raised ALT were alcohol consumption and obesity.
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PMID:U.K. multicentre study on blood donors for surrogate markers of non-A non-B hepatitis. Part I: Alanine transferase and anti-HBc testing. 128 43

For the purpose of evaluating the significance of obesity in a young population as a risk factor toward various chronic diseases, a multiple regression analysis was performed on the data from the annual physical checkup of medical students of UOEH in 1991. The following results were obtained. (1) The average obesity index of the students showed a progressive and significant increase in the past 13 years from 1979 to 1991. (2) A close correlation between the obesity index and serum GPT was recognized by elevation of the standard partial regression coefficient of serum GPT to obesity index and that of obesity index to serum GPT when the data from all 617 students was analysed in one group. This finding was intensified in 142 obese students with an obesity index of over 10%, but it was not seen in the remaining non-obese students. (3) The correlation between the obesity index and serum GPT was found solely in the group of students with constant obesity; i.e., whose obesity index was always more than 10% during a maximum of 9 years in the past. (4) Systolic blood pressure was related to the red blood cell count rather than to the obesity index in this young population. (5) No particularly close correlation to serum cholesterol was found with any of 10 representative items examined in this physical checkup, including the obesity index, indicating that the other factors should be related to serum cholesterol levels. From the above findings, it can be concluded that constant obesity in students is related to liver dysfunction, probably due to fatty liver frequently seen in the precise examination of these individuals.
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PMID:[The significance of obesity in UOEH medical students--multiple regression analysis of the annual physical checkup data in 1991]. 147 Jul 77

The association between alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and body mass, sex and age was examined in 6036 consecutively tested blood donors. ALAT, age and body mass were higher in male donors than in female donros. The non-normal ALAT distribution curve normalized after 1n transformation, which made statistical analysis of the data more feasible. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that ALAT was influenced by sex and relative weight, in that order, and very poorly by age. It is concluded that obesity is a major cause of raised ALAT in this predominantly healthy donor population.
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PMID:Co-variation of alanine aminotransferase levels with relative weight in blood donors. 159 88

Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) were proposed as surrogate markers of non-A, non-B (NANB) infection. In this study we analyzed 649 consecutive repeat blood donors to define the possible exclusion rate if both surrogate markers were implemented in our Blood Service, and to assess risk factors associated with elevated ALT levels. One hundred and seven blood donors (16.5%) had slightly elevated ALT levels (higher than the upper reference value, but less than twice this level), but only 15 (2.3%) had a level higher than mean log + 2.25 SD. Seventy-seven (11.8%) resulted anti-HBc positive. Blood donors with elevated ALT levels and those who were anti-HBc positive belonged to different populations, being only 6 (0.9%) positive for both surrogate markers. Only two known donors (0.3%) resulted anti-HCV positive, and each of them was implicated in one of the four post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH) cases observed in 200 recipients of blood from these 649 donors. Both were negative for anti-HBc but one had elevated ALT levels. Male sex, age, alcohol use and obesity resulted all independently and significantly associated with elevated ALT levels. For both alcohol use and body weight we observed a significant linear relationship with serum ALT levels. These findings suggest that in our Region the exclusion of blood donors with ALT levels above the reference value, or those anti-HBc positive, would exclude an unacceptably high rate of blood donors without proven evidence of post-transfusion hepatitis prevention.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Serum alanine aminotransferase levels among volunteer blood donors: effect of sex, alcohol intake and obesity. 162 21

We found that 17 out of 60 (28.3 percent) obese, otherwise healthy volunteers had elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) or alkaline phosphatase (AP) at least once in the course of a 12 week clinical trial. ALAT was the most commonly elevated serum aminotransferase occurring in 16 out of the 17 participants. Its range of elevation, as a percentage of the upper limit of normal (ULN) at screening was 102-164 percent (mean +/- s.d.; 127 percent +/- 18.4). Three participants had slight elevations of AP (112 percent, 113 percent, 119 percent of ULN). One participant had a minor elevation of ASAT (107 percent of ULN at screening). Of the 17 participants with elevated aminotransferases and AP, six were randomized to placebo, seven were treated with the low dose and four with the high dose of the new medication. Study participants having elevated enzymes had higher ideal body weight (IBW) than the group with normal values at screening (162 +/- 10 percent IBW, 152 +/- 11 percent IBW respectively), and at week 8 (152 +/- 3 percent IBW, 146 +/- 2 percent respectively) (P less than 0.05). The corresponding body mass index (BMI) values are 36.8 +/- 2.8 for the participants with elevated liver enzymes vs 34.2 +/- 2.6 (P less than 0.001) for the participants with normal values at screening and 34.9 +/- 3.1 and 32.8 +/- 2.8 (P = 0.02) respectively at week 8. Males (46 percent) were more likely than females (21 percent) to have elevated aminotransferases. We found no evidence for hepatic disease during the study period. Slightly elevated and fluctuating serum aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase concentrations are a more frequent finding in healthy obese populations than previously established. In studies of anti-obesity agents investigators should broaden the entry criteria since elevated aminotransferase levels rarely interfere with the safe conduct of clinical trials in obesity.
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PMID:Elevated serum liver enzymes in obesity: a dilemma during clinical trials. 179 21

The rapid weight decrease at the beginning of strict slimming regimens leads often to an inconsiderate shortening of these cures. Our long-term experience with a slimming regimen lasting 13 days based on diet (3.7 MJ) and 4 hours of supervised exercise of low to moderate intensity was omitted by the organizers. They shortened the cure to 8 days. We checked therefore a group of obese women on the first, eight and twelfth day in the course of this regimen. A statistically significant decrease of serum insulin, growth hormone, triiodothyronine and cholesterol was observed on the twelfth day. These trends were not significant on the eighth day. On the other hand, the step-test revealed on the eighth day a reduction of the heart rate during recovery. Nevertheless, a higher level of significance was obtained after 12 days. No significant response to the regimen was obtained in the case of blood glucose, thyroxine, cortisol, uric acid, AST and ALT. The advantages of the 12-day regimen are discussed--especially the decrease of insulinemia, because hyperinsulinemia is responsible for several complications of obesity. The importance of the decrease of cholesterolaemia and the modification of heart rate after a load was also stressed. These favourable effects are not depreciated by a smaller weight loss in the second week due to an enhanced protein synthesis, stimulated by exercise and supported by a decrease of T3 which protects the organism against energy deficit.
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PMID:Hormonal, metabolic and cardiovascular response to the duration of a combined slimming regimen. 180 33

Twenty obese and 20 lean LA/N-cp male rats and 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet containing either 54 percent sucrose or starch for six weeks. After a 14-16 hour fast, rats were killed. Liver and kidney enzyme activities were determined in the LA/N-cp rats while plasma urea and selected amino acids were determined in all rats. Liver glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PASE), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPASE), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), malic enzyme (ME), glucokinase (GK), pyruvate kinase (PK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), glutamic-oxaloacetic-transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), arginase (ARGASE), arginine-synthase (ARG-SYN) and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) levels were significantly affected by phenotype (obese greater than lean). All the above changes in enzyme levels were exaggerated by sucrose-feeding with the exception of PK, PFK, GOT, GPT, ARGASE and ARG-SYN. Kidney cortex G6PASE, PEPCK and ARGASE activities were higher in the obese rats as compared to the lean littermates. Sucrose feeding resulted in higher cortex G6PASE, FBPASE and PEPCK as compared to starch-fed rats. A phenotype effect was noted with plasma glutamate, urea, leucine, isoleucine and valine (obese greater than lean) and a diet effect was seen with aspartate, phenylalanine, leucine and valine (sucrose greater than starch) concentration. Sprague-Dawley rats had higher plasma urea and lower alanine than lean LA/N-cp males. Metabolic obesity in the LA/N-cp rat appears to involve an elevated capacity for pathways of glycolysis, gluconeogensis, lipogenesis and amino acid catabolism in the liver.
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PMID:Effect of dietary carbohydrate on liver and kidney enzyme activities and plasma amino acids in the LA/N-cp rat. 204 12

The rapid weight decrease at the beginning of strict slimming regimens leads often to an inconsiderate shortening of these cures. Our long-termed experience with a slimming regimen lasting 13 days and based on diet (3.7 MJ) and 4 hours of supervised exercise of low to moderate intensity was omitted by the organizers. They shortened the cure to 8 days. We checked therefore a group of obese women on the first, eighth and twelfth day in the course of this regimen. A statistically significant decrease of serum insulin, growth hormone, triiodothyronine and cholesterol was observed on the twelfth day. These trends were not significant on the eighth day. On the other hand, the step-test has shown on the eighth day a reduction of the heart rate during recovery. Nevertheless, a higher level of significance was obtained after a cure of 12 days. No significant response to the regimen was obtained in the case of blood glucose, thyroxine, cortisol, uric acid, AST and ALT. The advantages of the 12 day regimen were discussed--especially the decrease of insulinemia, because hyperinsulinemia is responsible for several complications of obesity. The importance of the decrease of cholesterolemia and the modification of heart rate after a load was also stressed. These favourable effects should not be depreciated by a smaller weight decrease on the second week due to an enhanced synthesis of proteins, stimulated by exercise and supported by a decrease of T3 which brings a protection against energy defficiency.
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PMID:[The effect of the duration of a weight reduction regimen on the hormonal, metabolic and cardiovascular response]. 224 39

In 1214 adult persons, the relationship between alcohol consumption, the "liver enzymes" and other metabolic parameters, including the serum lipids, were investigated. In 798 of the persons, glucose tolerance tests with measurement of plasma insulin were performed (young and old male and female adults, either volunteers or patients without liver-related diseases). There was a high correlation of the three transferases GOT, GPT and GGT not only with the reported alcohol consumption but also with the plasma insulin. Most of the insulin increase, however, occurred in that range of the three transferases which, so far, has erroneously been considered to be the normal one. The C-peptide showed the same behaviour. Plasma insulin was also raised in relation to overweight, but only in persons with the sum of the three transferases over 30 U/l, not in persons who did not drink alcohol and who had really normal transferases (sum of the three transferases below 30 U/l measured at 25 degrees C). The quotient of plasma insulin divided by the relative body weight (Broca Index) was constantly low in the range of really normal transferases (up to 30 U/l), thereafter rising significantly, but only in the range of the transferases so far erroneously considered to be the normal one (GOT to 17, GPT to 22, GGT to 28 U/l, thus sum up to 67). Serum glucose in the tolerance test also rose with the transferases but much less than the plasma insulin. The correlation between both GGT and the sum of the three transferases with the plasma insulin was significantly positive and independent of the relative body weight. It is concluded that overweight (which is generally believed to be the main risk factor for non-insulin-dependent diabetes), and insulin resistance (which leads to hyperinsulinaemia), are largely caused by the toxic effects of "normal" daily alcohol, more in the human male than in the female. Hyperinsulinaemia (which blocks lipolysis) is caused by a toxic effect of ethanol and its metabolites, independent of caloric input and overweight. Hyperinsulinaemia is at least in the human male at present, probably the most important cause of obesity. In obesity, caused by "normal" alcohol consumption, a vicious circle occurs: the enhancement of the triglycerides and, consequently, the free fatty acids leads to a further decrease of glucose utilization by the muscle. A continuously high glucose level has toxic effects: eventually the beta cells of the pancreas are exhausted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[The main cause of diabetes (type II): "normal" alcohol drinking]. 227 72


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