Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The occurrence of liver disease and raised liver enzymes is common in Type 2 diabetes, and may be multifactorial in origin. Very few studies are available on the exact prevalence of the phenomenon, however. We carried out an observational point-prevalence study of elevated liver enzymes in eight hospital-based Italian diabetes units. Data of 9621 consecutive Type 2 diabetes patients (males, 52.4%; median age, 65 yr) were analyzed, and alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT, AST) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels were related to body mass index (BMI), metabolic control and the presence of the metabolic syndrome. ALT, AST, and GGT levels exceeding the upper limit of normal were present in 16.0%, 8.8%, 23.1%, respectively, the prevalence being higher in males, increasing with obesity class and poor metabolic control, and decreasing with age. Elevated enzymes were systematically associated with most parameters of the metabolic syndrome. After correction for age, gender, BMI, and differences across centers, elevated triglyceride levels/fibrate treatment [odds ratio (OR), 1.57; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.34- 1.84] and an enlarged waist circumference (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.17-1.85) were the only parameters independently associated with high ALT. In a separate analysis, the presence of metabolic syndrome (Adult Treatment Panel III criteria) was highly predictive of raised liver enzymes. After exclusion of hepatitis B and C positive cases, tested in 2 centers, the prevalence of raised enzymes decreased by approximately 4%, but the association with the metabolic syndrome did not change significantly. In conclusion, the high prevalence of elevated liver enzymes in Type 2 diabetes is in keeping with the well-demonstrated risk of progressive liver disease. A large amount of diabetes patients may require a thorough clinical, laboratory and histological investigation.
 ...
PMID:Prevalence of elevated liver enzymes in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and its association with the metabolic syndrome. 1836 6

Obesity and physical inactivity are independent risk factors for the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We determined the effect of endurance exercise training on hepatic lipid content and hepatic enzyme concentration in men and women. Waist circumference (WC), percent body fat (BF), computed tomography (CT) scans for liver attenuation (inverse relationship with hepatic lipid), bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) plasma concentrations were measured before and after 12 weeks of endurance training in 41 lean and obese men and women. Exercise training did not change liver attenuation, body weight, percent BF, bilirubin, or ALT concentration, but did lower WC (P < 0.0001), and decreased GGT in men only (P = 0.01). Obese subjects had a lower liver attenuation than lean subjects (P = 0.04). Obese women had lower ALT than obese men (P = 0.03). GGT was lower in women before and after training. WC was positively correlated with GGT (r = 0.32, P = 0.003) and ALT (r = 0.320, P = 0.004) and negatively correlated with liver attenuation (r = -0.340, P = 0.03). Percent BF was negatively correlated with bilirubin (r = -0.374, P = 0.005). Liver attenuation was negatively correlated with ALT (r = -0.405, P = 0.003). Short-term endurance training without weight loss does not alter hepatic lipid content. There was a strong relationship between GGT/ALT and body composition (percent BF) as well as between ALT and hepatic lipid content.
Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008 Oct
PMID:Effect of endurance exercise on hepatic lipid content, enzymes, and adiposity in men and women. 1871 69

We evaluated possible interactions between BMI and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) concentration and their effects on the prevalence of poor glycemic control and common comorbidities of diabetes. We assessed whether the association of BMI with poor glycemic control, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia (i.e., high triglycerides and/or low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol), hypercholesterolemia, and hyperuricemia differed according to serum GGT concentration in a cohort of 3,633 type 2 diabetic individuals. The associations of BMI with different outcome measures were significant, but the associations varied remarkably by GGT concentration. As GGT concentration increased, the association of BMI with atherogenic dyslipidemia and glycemic control strengthened (P = 0.01 and 0.004 for interactions, respectively); in contrast, the association of BMI with hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperuricemia did not change substantially across GGT quartiles. For example, within the lowest GGT quartile, BMI was not associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia or poor glycemic control, whereas in the highest GGT quartile, the prevalence rates ranged from 62.3 to 74.7% for dyslipidemia and from 75.3 to 83% for poor glycemic control. The results remained unchanged after adjustment for sex, age, alcohol consumption, diabetes duration, and diabetes treatment. In conclusion, our findings show that BMI was associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia and poor glycemic control only when serum GGT activity was in its high-normal range. These findings suggest that obesity itself may not be a sufficient risk factor for atherogenic dyslipidemia or poor glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes.
Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009 Feb
PMID:Relationship of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase to atherogenic dyslipidemia and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. 1905 28

The aim of this study is to examine the association between obesity, metabolic syndrome, physical activity, and elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) among Indigenous Australian adults who did not drink alcohol. A cross-sectional study of 791 Indigenous adults in rural North Queensland communities was conducted between 1999 and 2001. Measures included serum GGT, fasting glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides; resting blood pressure, BMI, and waist circumference; and self-reported physical activity, alcohol intake, and tobacco smoking. Central obesity measured by waist circumference in this population was significantly associated with elevated GGT independently of lifestyle behaviors (Adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.7, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-6.0). Metabolic syndrome (International Diabetes Federation definition) was also strongly associated with increased GGT (OR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.5-4.6). Habitual physical activity may be slightly protective (OR = 0.9, 95% CI: 0.5-1.6) in this group, but this was not clearly demonstrated in this study. Prevention of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in this population should emphasize "waist loss" and metabolic health through dietary and other interventions.
Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009 Apr
PMID:gamma-Glutamyltransferase, obesity, physical activity, and the metabolic syndrome in indigenous Australian adults. 1914 21

We recently reported a strong positive association of plasma total cysteine (tCys) with fat mass in over 5,000 subjects. As gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) enzyme increases cysteine availability by catalyzing glutathione breakdown and is positively associated with BMI and adiposity, we hypothesized that GGT might explain the association of tCys with adiposity. To study whether the associations of tCys and serum GGT with BMI and obesity were interrelated we conducted a cross-sectional study using data from 1,550 subjects recruited from nine European countries in the COMAC project. Multiple linear and logistic regression models and concentration-response curves were used. In age and sex-adjusted analyses, tCys showed strong positive associations with BMI (partial r = 0.19, P < 0.001), and obesity (odds ratio (OR) for 4th vs. 1st tCys quartile: 2.8; 95% confidence interval: 1.6-5.0, P < 0.001), both of which remained robust after adjustment for GGT and other metabolic and lifestyle confounders. Serum GGT was also a positive predictor of BMI (partial r = 0.17, P < 0.001) and obesity (OR for 4th vs. 1st GGT quartile: 4.8; 95% confidence interval: 2.5-9.2, P < 0.001), independent of tCys. However, the associations of GGT with BMI and obesity were weakened by adjustment for obesity-related factors such as serum lipids and blood pressure. These results indicate that tCys is a strong positive predictor of BMI and obesity, independent of GGT and other obesity-related factors. We also suggest that the association of serum GGT with BMI and obesity is unrelated to the role of GGT in cysteine turnover. The potential link between cysteine and fat metabolism should be further evaluated.
Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009 Jul
PMID:The association of plasma cysteine and gamma-glutamyltransferase with BMI and obesity. 1921 77

We investigated the associations of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) with visceral obesity, adiponectin and retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), and insulin resistance (IR) and compared these associations with other liver enzymes in non-diabetes. We enrolled 94 healthy subjects 30-69 years old. Clinical and biochemical metabolic parameters were measured. Adiponectin and RBP4 were determined by ELISA. IR was examined by HOMA-IR. Visceral fat was determined by computed tomography scan. GGT and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were positively correlated with waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), visceral fat area (VFA), visceral-to-subcutaneous fat area ratio (VSR), HOMA-IR, and RBP4, but was negatively correlated with adiponectin (p<0.05). In multivariate regression, GGT was associated with male sex, HOMA-IR, and RBP4 (R(2)=0.48, p<0.05) and ALT was associated with HOMA-IR (R(2)=0.22, p<0.05). By logistic regression after adjusted for age and sex, the odds ratio (OR) for IR in the highest tertile of sex-specific GGT and ALT were significantly increased compared to those in the lowest [OR (95% CI); 6.90 (2.08-22.82), 3.38 (1.08-10.57), respectively]. However, these relationships after further adjustments for RBP4, adiponectin, VFA, VSR, WHR, WC, TG, and HDL remained significant in only GGT. In conclusions, GGT may be a useful marker of IR in non-diabetes.
 ...
PMID:Elevated serum gamma-glutamyltransferase levels are independently associated with insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects. 1926 71

The aims were assessing liver function tests (LFT) in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) on glucocorticoids. Sixty-one women with genetically verified CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, aged 18-63 years were compared to 61 controls. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), anthropometry and fat mass (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) were measured. ALT and GGT were higher in the entire patient group (p=0.01 and 0.002); AST, GGT and ALP in patients > or =30 years (p=0.007-0.045); all LFT in salt-wasting (p<0.001-0.042); GGT in simple virilizing (p=0.008); ALT, GGT and ALP in Null/Null genotype (p=0.018-0.040); ALT and GGT in I2splice genotype (p<0.001 and 0.011). Using a recently proposed cut-off level for ALT (>0.317 microkat/L), 54% of patients vs 23% of controls had elevated levels (p=0.028). In patients, GGT and ALP correlated with waist circumference and with total body and trunk fat (r=0.274-0.406, p=0.001-0.043). However, ALT, GGT and ALP were increased even in non-obese patients (waist circumference < or =88 cm and body mass index <30 kg/m(2)) (p=0.012-0.045) mainly attributed to the patients > or =30 years who also demonstrated elevated insulin levels and HOMA-indices. In conclusion, compared with controls, women with CAH have higher LFT, in particular patients > or =30 years and those with severe forms, probably reflecting a higher lifetime glucocorticoid exposure. LFT were positively correlated to measurements of body fat. These women might have increased frequency of NAFLD. The finding of higher LFT also in non-obese patients suggests that not only central obesity but also glucocorticoids per se may influence.
 ...
PMID:Increased liver enzymes in adult women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. 1935 53

Measurement of the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level is used as an initial test for detection of liver diseases, and recent studies have also highlighted its potential value as a measure of overall health and survival as a marker of an increased risk of metabolic disorder. This study was designed to clarify the prevalence of elevated ALT levels in the Japanese population and to assess factors associated with ALT elevation. The subjects were 2165 individuals aged 40 to 85 years who participated in a Japanese community-based study referred to as the Takahata Study. Serum ALT levels and factors associated with ALT elevation were investigated. Among 2087 subjects who were negative for hepatitis B and C, the rates of elevated ALT greater than 30 U/L in men and greater than 25 U/L in women were 217 (22.7%) of 957 and 239 (21.2%) of 1130, respectively. These ALT cutoff levels had a specificity of more than 80% for exclusion of subjects with none or 1 of 3 metabolic risk factors: hypertension, lipid metabolism abnormality, and hyperglycemia. Multivariate analysis revealed 5 factors with a significant association with ALT elevation in men (n = 957): high gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, low adiponectin, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high body mass index, and high homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index. Similarly, 4 factors were significantly associated with ALT elevation in women (n = 1130): high gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, low adiponectin, high body mass index, and high homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index. These results suggest that elevated ALT levels in the Japanese population older than 40 years have a strong association with metabolic syndrome-related features including obesity and insulin resistance.
 ...
PMID:Impact of metabolic syndrome on elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels in the Japanese population. 1941 Oct 86

Uric acid seems to be causally involved in a variety of medical disorders involving oxidative stress. Although alcohol abuse and obesity are known to increase serum uric acid, the interactions between moderate drinking, adiposity, and uric acid metabolism have remained poorly understood. We examined serum uric acid concentrations from 2062 apparently healthy volunteers (970 men, 1092 women) reporting either no alcohol (abstainers) or <40 g of ethanol consumption per day (moderate drinkers). The study population was further classified according to BMI as follows: <19 (underweight), 19-25 (normal weight), 25-30 (overweight), and >30 (obese). Serum uric acid concentrations in male moderate drinkers were significantly higher, and in females they were lower, than in the corresponding groups of abstainers. In the BMI-based subgroups, the highest concentrations were found in those who were overweight or obese. Significant two-factor interactions occurred between gender and drinking status (p<0.001) and between gender and BMI (p<0.02). Serum uric acid also correlated with indices of hepatocellular health (GGT, ALT, AST). The data indicate distinct gender-dependent impacts of alcohol consumption and BMI on serum uric acid. These findings should be applicable to the assessment of oxidative stress status and associated morbidity in alcohol consumers and individuals with excess body weight.
 ...
PMID:Gender-dependent impacts of body mass index and moderate alcohol consumption on serum uric acid--an index of oxidant stress status? 1943 11

The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between liver transaminase levels and metabolic syndrome (MS) features in obese children and adolescents. A total of 132 children and adolescents (73 males and 59 females) aged 8 - 16, participated in the study. All were studied at the department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Zaragoza (Spain). Inclusion criteria were the existence of obesity as defined by body mass index (BMI) according to Cole cut-off values (when BMI was higher than the age and sex specific equivalent to 30 kg/m2). The definition of metabolic syndrome was according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Weight (kg), height (cm), waist circumference (cm), blood pressure and BMI were measured. Laboratory determinations after overnight fasting included: transaminases (ALT, AST, GGT), fasting glucose, insulin, triglycerides and HDL-C. The MS was found in 21.6% of the obese children and adolescents and the prevalence was higher in males (25.9%) than in females (15.9%). Serum transaminases (ALT, AST and GGT) mean concentrations were higher in males than in females, and decreased during pubertal development. The obese children and adolescents with the MS did not show higher transaminases concentrations when compared with those without the MS. Some MS manifestations (mainly waist circumference) showed a correlation with ALT, although all transaminases values were normal according to adult references. Liver transaminases, a surrogate marker of NAFLD, did not show an early and consistent manifestation of abnormalities in the obese children and adolescents studied. In order to define the presence of the disease, it would be necessary to obtain aminotransferase reference standards for children and adolescents, considering pubertal stage and gender.
 ...
PMID:Serum transaminases concentrations in obese children and adolescents. 1958 31


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>