Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although a multitude of pharmaceutical agents are available for the treatment of mood disorders, anxiety and insomnia, many patients have difficulty tolerating the side effects, do not respond adequately, or eventually lose their response. Many therapeutic herbs and nutrients have far fewer side effects and may provide an alternative treatment or can be used to enhance the effect of prescription medications. In the article, the authors review the quality of the evidence supporting the clinical effects of a number of commonly used types of complementary/alternative medicine (CAM) for mood disorders, anxiety, and insomnia. They review data on the use of St. John's Wort, S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM-e), B vitamins, inositol, omega-3 fatty acids, and choline for mood disorders; data on the use of kava and other herbal agents and fish extract for anxiety and insomnia; and data on valerian and melatonin for insomnia. The authors also discuss the use of CAM to treat migraines, which may be comorbid with mood and anxiety disorders, and obesity, which can occur as a side effect of psychotropic medications. They consider the data on feverfew and butterbur for migraines and on chromium picolinate and the combination of ephedrine and caffeine for obesity. The authors also review issues related to comorbid medical illness, side effects, drug interactions, dosage, and brand selection.
 ...
PMID:Herbs and nutrients in the treatment of depression, anxiety, insomnia, migraine, and obesity. 1599 May 9

The intake of caffeine (CF) at 0.025, 0.05 or 0.1% for 21 days progressively reduced the body fat mass and body fat percentage in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats fed on a high-fat diet with increasing administration level. Moreover, CF increased the serum concentrations of catecholamines and free fatty acids in SD rats orally administered with CF (5 mg/kg). These results suggest that the intake of CF reduced body fat by lipolysis via catecholamines. CF has potential as a functional food ingredient with an anti-obesity action.
 ...
PMID:Effect of caffeine on the body fat and lipid metabolism of rats fed on a high-fat diet. 1630 6

The scale of the obesity epidemic creates a pressing consumer need as well as an enormous business opportunity for successful development and marketing of food products with added benefits for weight control. A number of proposed functional food ingredients have been shown to act post-absorptively to influence substrate utilization or thermogenesis. Characteristics and supporting data on conjugated linoleic acid, diglycerides, medium-chain triglycerides, green tea, ephedrine, caffeine, capsaicin and calcium, are reviewed here, giving examples of how these could act to alter energy expenditure or appetite control. Consideration is also given to other factors, in addition to efficacy, which must be satisfied to get such ingredients into foods. We conclude that, for each of the safe, putatively metabolically active agents, there remain gaps in clinical evidence or knowledge of mechanisms, which need to be addressed in order to specify the dietary conditions and food product compositions where these ingredients could be of most benefit for weight control.
 ...
PMID:Metabolically active functional food ingredients for weight control. 1643 3

Consumption of spiced foods or herbal drinks leads to greater thermogenesis and in some cases to greater satiety. In this regard, capsaicin, black pepper, ginger, mixed spices, green tea, black tea and caffeine are relevant examples. These functional ingredients have the potential to produce significant effects on metabolic targets such as satiety, thermogenesis, and fat oxidation. A significant clinical outcome sometimes may appear straightforwardly but also depends too strongly on full compliance of subjects. Nevertheless, thermogenic ingredients may be considered as functional agents that could help in preventing a positive energy balance and obesity.
 ...
PMID:Metabolic effects of spices, teas, and caffeine. 1658 33

Lifestyle modifications are first-line therapy for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). We applied an evidence-based approach to determine the efficacy of lifestyle measures for GERD management. We used PubMed and Ovid to perform a search of the literature published between 1975 and 2004 using the key words heartburn, GERD, smoking, alcohol, obesity, weight loss, caffeine or coffee, citrus, chocolate, spicy food, head of bed elevation, and late-evening meal. Each study was reviewed by 2 reviewers who assigned one of the following ratings: evidence A, randomized clinical trials; evidence B, cohort or case-control studies; evidence C, case reports or flawed clinical trials; evidence D, investigator experience; or evidence E, insufficient information. We screened 2039 studies and identified 100 that were relevant. Only 16 clinical trials examined the impact on GERD (by change in symptoms, esophageal pH variables, or lower esophageal sphincter pressure) of the lifestyle measure. Although there was physiologic evidence that exposure to tobacco, alcohol, chocolate, and high-fat meals decreases lower esophageal sphincter pressure, there was no published evidence of the efficacy of dietary measures. Neither tobacco nor alcohol cessation was associated with improvement in esophageal pH profiles or symptoms (evidence B). Head of bed elevation and left lateral decubitus position improved the overall time that the esophageal pH was less than 4.0 (evidence B). Weight loss improved pH profiles and symptoms (evidence B). Weight loss and head of bed elevation are effective lifestyle interventions for GERD. There is no evidence supporting an improvement in GERD measures after cessation of tobacco, alcohol, or other dietary interventions.
 ...
PMID:Are lifestyle measures effective in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease? An evidence-based approach. 1721 52

The global prevalence of obesity has increased considerably in the last decade. Tools for obesity management, including caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea have been proposed as strategies for weight loss and weight maintenance, since they may increase energy expenditure and have been proposed to counteract the decrease in metabolic rate that is present during weight loss. A combination of caffeine and ephedrine has shown to be effective in long-term weight management, likely due to different mechanisms that may operate synergistically, e.g., respectively inhibiting the phosphodiesterase-induced degradation of cAMP and enhancing the sympathetic release of catecholamines. However, adverse effects of ephedrine prevent the feasibility of this approach. Capsaicin has been shown to be effective, yet when it is used clinically it requires a strong compliance to a certain dosage, that has not been shown to be feasible yet. Also positive effects on body-weight management have been shown using green tea mixtures. Green tea, by containing both tea catechins and caffeine, may act through inhibition of catechol O-methyl-transferase, and inhibition of phosphodiesterase. Here, the mechanisms may also operate synergistically. In addition, tea catechins have antiangiogenic properties that may prevent development of overweight and obesity. Furthermore, the sympathetic nervous system is involved in the regulation of lipolysis, and the sympathetic innervation of white adipose tissue may play an important role in the regulation of total body fat in general.
 ...
PMID:Obesity and thermogenesis related to the consumption of caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea. 1684 Jun 50

Migraine is a chronic-recurrent disorder that progresses in some individuals. Transformed migraine is the result of this progression. Since migraine does not progress in most patients, identifying the risk factors for progression has emerged as a very important public health priority. If risk factors can be identified, that might provide a foundation for more aggressive preventive intervention. Risk factors for progression may be divided into non-remediable (gender, age, race) and remediable categories. In this paper, we focus on several already identified remediable risk factors, including frequency of migraine attacks, obesity, acute medication overuse, caffeine overuse, stressful life events, depression, and sleep disorders. We present the evidence for each risk factor and discuss possible interventions to address them.
 ...
PMID:Modifiable risk factors for migraine progression. 1704 Mar 31

Epidemiological studies have shown a strong correlation between stressful events (nutritional, hormonal or environmental) in early life and development of adult diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular failure. It is known that gestation and lactation are crucial periods for healthy growth in mammals and that the sympathoadrenal system is markedly influenced by environmental conditions during these periods. We previously demonstrated that neonatal hyperleptinaemia in rats programmes higher body weight, higher food intake and hypothalamic leptin resistance in adulthood. Using this model of programming, we investigated adrenal medullary function and effects on cardiovascular parameters in male rats in adulthood. Leptin treatment during the first 10 days of lactation (8 microg 100 g(-1) day(-1), s.c.) resulted in lower body weight (6.5%, P < 0.05), hyperleptinaemia (10-fold, P < 0.05) and higher catecholamine content in adrenal glands (18.5%, P < 0.05) on the last day of treatment. In adulthood (150 days), the rats presented higher body weight (5%, P < 0.05), adrenal catecholamine content (3-fold, P < 0.05), tyrosine hydroxylase expression (35%, P < 0.05) and basal and caffeine-stimulated catecholamine release (53% and 100%, respectively, P < 0.05). Systolic blood pressure and heart rate were also higher in adult rats (7% and 6%, respectively, P < 0.05). Our results show that hyperleptinaemia in early life increases adrenal medullary function in adulthood and that this may alter cardiovascular parameters. Thus, we suggest that imprinting factors which increase leptin and catecholamine levels during the neonatal period could be involved in development of adult chronic diseases.
 ...
PMID:Neonatal hyperleptinaemia programmes adrenal medullary function in adult rats: effects on cardiovascular parameters. 1721 54

Plasma NEFA (non-esterified fatty acid) concentrations are elevated in patients with obesity. In the present study we first aimed to provide an integral haemodynamic profile of elevated plasma NEFAs by the simultaneous assessment of blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, FBF (forearm blood flow) and sympathetic nervous system activity during acute elevation of NEFAs. Secondly, we hypothesized that NEFA-induced vasodilation is mediated by adenosine receptor stimulation. In a randomized cross-over trial in healthy subjects, Intralipid was infused for 2 h to elevate plasma NEFAs. Glycerol was administered as the Control infusion. We assessed blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, FBF (using venous occlusion plethysmography) and sympathetic nervous system activity by measurement of noradrenaline and adrenaline. During the last 15 min of Intralipid/Control infusion, the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine (90 microg x min(-1) x dl(-1)) was administered into the brachial artery of the non-dominant arm. Compared with Control infusion, Intralipid increased pulse wave velocity, SBP (systolic blood pressure) and pulse pressure, as well as FBF (from 1.8+/-0.2 to 2.7+/-0.6 and from 2.3+/-0.2 to 2.7+/-0.6 ml x min(-1) x dl(-1) for Intralipid compared with Control infusion; P<0.05, n=9). Although in a positive control study caffeine attenuated adenosine-induced forearm vasodilation (P<0.01, n=6), caffeine had no effect on Intralipid-induced vasodilation (P=0.5). In conclusion, elevation of plasma NEFA levels increased pulse wave velocity, SBP and pulse pressure. FBF was also increased, either by baroreflex-mediated inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system or by a direct vasodilating effect of NEFAs. As the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine could not antagonize the vasodilator response, this response is not mediated by adenosine receptor stimulation.
 ...
PMID:Acute elevation of plasma non-esterified fatty acids increases pulse wave velocity and induces peripheral vasodilation in humans in vivo. 1730 47

The master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus regulates circadian rhythms in mammals. The clock is an intracellular, transcriptional mechanism sharing the same molecular components in SCN neurons and in peripheral cells, such as the liver, intestine, and retina. The circadian clock controls food processing and energy homeostasis by regulating the expression and/or activity of enzymes involved in cholesterol, amino acid, lipid, glycogen, and glucose metabolism. In addition, many hormones involved in metabolism, such as insulin, glucagon, adiponectin, corticosterone, leptin, and ghrelin, exhibit circadian oscillation. Furthermore, disruption of circadian rhythms is involved in the development of cancer, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. Metabolism and food intake also feed back to influence the biological clock. Calorie restriction (CR) entrains the SCN clock, whereas timed meals entrain peripheral oscillators. Furthermore, the cellular redox state, dictated by food metabolism, and several nutrients, such as glucose, ethanol, adenosine, caffeine, thiamine, and retinoic acid, can phase-shift circadian rhythms. In conclusion, there is a large body of evidence that links feeding regimens, food components, and the biological clock.
 ...
PMID:The relationship between nutrition and circadian rhythms in mammals. 1745 93


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>