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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

After bypass operation for obesity the remaining lactose-hydrolyzing capacity of the functioning shunt is very low, especially if the shunt is constructed from a shorter jejunal and a longer ileal segment. In most cases a temporary decrease in the lactase activity of the jejunal part of the shunt occurs during the first postoperative months. In the present study lactose provoked or aggravated diarrhoea and other symptoms in 20 of 33 shunt-operated patients, and 10 patients reported milk intolerance postoperatively. Oral glucose tolerance tests indicated that the lactase activity was rate limiting for lactose absorption postoperatively.
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PMID:Lactose malabsorption after bypass operation for obesity. 9 6

The Nutrition Committee of the Austrian Pediatric Society recommends that weaning foods should be introduced between 4 and 6 months of age, which agrees with the recommendations in the EC and the U.S. Opinion against early introduction of solid foods have focused on concerns about renal solute load, obesity, coeliac disease, and food allergy. On the other hand, when weaning was postponed after 6 months of age, growth faltering in some breastfed infants and iron-deficiency anemia in infants fed non-fortified formulas or cow's milk were observed. Two broad categories--"baby foods" and "cereal-based weaning foods"--are on the market in Austria. "Baby foods" include complete meals sold in jars, soups, desserts and puddings, fruit juices, nectars, and vegetable juices. "Cereal-based weaning foods" are composed of one or more cereals either alone, or with the addition of vegetables, fruits, milk and milk products, egg, or other ingredients. Weaning food labelling should include information if sugars, salt, iron, vitamins minerals and trace elements have been added and if the product is free from gluten, cow's milk and egg protein, and lactose.
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PMID:[The Nutrition Committee of the Austrian Society of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. Comment on nutrition with solid foods in infancy and early childhood]. 163 82

A new disaccharidase inhibitor, AO-128, showed 190-3900-fold more potent inhibition of purified rat small intestine sucrase-isomaltase (S-1) complex and 23-33-fold more potent inhibition of semipurified porcine small intestine disaccharidases than acarbose. AO-128 suppressed elevation of the blood glucose concentration after oral sucrose, maltose, and starch, but not after oral glucose, fructose, and lactose. The chronic addition of AO-128 to the diet produced antiobesity and antidiabetic actions in obese and/or diabetic animals. Undesirable side effects, such as diarrhea and soft feces, were observed only for the first 5-7 d and suppression of intestinal disaccharidase activities was observed even at the end of the experiment, suggesting that the suppressive or delaying effect of AO-128 on elevation of the postprandial blood glucose concentrations is involved in reduction in body weight gain and prevention and/or amelioration of the diabetic state. Thus, AO-128 is useful as an adjunct to the dietary management of obesity and diabetes.
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PMID:Effect of an intestinal disaccharidase inhibitor (AO-128) on obesity and diabetes. 172 46

Changes in milk composition associated with maternal dietary obesity and cafeteria feeding were investigated. Protein, lactose and fat contents, and the fat composition, were determined for lean and obese rats given a cafeteria diet at different stages of reproduction. Feeding the cafeteria diet during lactation resulted in an increase in long-chain fatty acids and a fall in the characteristic medium-chain fatty acids. This effect was modified by obesity and the diet during pregnancy. Feeding the cafeteria diet in lactation reduced the milk protein and increased the fat. The milk of obese rats contained more energy, with more fat but less protein than that of lean rats. Increases in fat and long-chain fatty acid content, and decreases in protein and medium-chain fatty acid content of the milk were correlated with increased maternal intake of energy, total fat and long-chain fatty acids. Thus, the greatest influence on milk composition is exerted by the maternal diet during lactation. However, these effects are modified by pre-existing maternal obesity and the diet during pregnancy.
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PMID:Lactation in lean and obese rats: effect of cafeteria feeding and of dietary obesity on milk composition. 379 85

A recently developed indigestible dextrin (IDex) was studied for its effects on glucose tolerance in male Sprague-Dawley rats. IDex is a low viscosity, water-soluble dietary fibre obtained by heating and enzyme treatment of potato starch. It has an average molecular weight of 1600. An oral glucose tolerance test was conducted with 8-week-old rats to evaluate the effects of IDex on the increase in plasma glucose and insulin levels after a single administration of various sugars (1.5 g/kg body weight). The increase in both plasma glucose and insulin levels following sucrose, maltose and maltodextrin loading was significantly reduced by IDex (0.15 g/kg body weight). This effect was not noted following glucose, high fructose syrup and lactose loading. To evaluate the effects of continual IDex ingestion on glucose tolerance, 5-week-old rats were kept for 8 weeks on a stock diet, a high sucrose diet or an IDex-supplemented high sucrose diet. An oral glucose (1.5 g/kg body weight) tolerance test was conducted in week 8. Increases in both plasma glucose and insulin levels following glucose loading were higher in the rats given a high sucrose diet than in the rats fed a stock diet. However, when IDex was included in the high sucrose diet, the impairment of glucose tolerance was alleviated. Moreover, IDex feeding also significantly reduced accumulation of body fat, regardless of changes in body weight. These findings suggest that IDex not only improves glucose tolerance following sucrose, maltose and maltodextrin loading but also stops progressive decrease in glucose tolerance by preventing a high sucrose diet from causing obesity.
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PMID:Effects of indigestible dextrin on glucose tolerance in rats. 773 78

Severely malnourished children afflicted by acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), particularly in developing countries, have reduced tolerance to chemotherapy and a compromised prospect for survival. We investigated the prevalence and severity of alterations in growth and nutritional status in children with ALL from population-based referral areas in Canada. All children were treated with Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium protocols. First, the relative impact of cranial irradiation (CI) and chemotherapy on growth was studied in 116 children at diagnosis and at 6-month intervals during treatment. We observed a decline in height standard deviation (SD) score in the first year in all children, and a further decline in height SD score during the second year only in the children who received CI. Weight reduction occurred in the first year, but during the second year there was a disproportionate increase in weight compared with height, suggesting that children treated with ALL have a tendency toward obesity. Both chemotherapy and CI contribute to the altered growth observed in children treated for ALL. Second, intestinal functional integrity was assessed in 16 children during post-induction chemotherapy. Nutrient intake was adequate and there was minimal evidence of malabsorption: fat malabsorption occurred in only 1 child (after treatment-related pancreatitis), abnormal D-xylose absorption occurred in 2 children at 6 months of therapy (returning to normal 6 months later) and abnormal lactose absorption occurred in 4 children. Third, weight, height, whole body lean and fat mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and serum albumin were determined at diagnosis and at 6-month intervals throughout therapy in 19 children with ALL. Height SD scores decreased significantly during treatment. Serum albumin was abnormally low in 6/19 at diagnosis and 14/18 during intensive consolidation therapy. The mean change in the ratio of lean mass to total body weight showed a 5% reduction by 6 months of therapy. Body fat increased from a mean of 22% at diagnosis to 28% at completion of therapy. The majority of children treated for ALL thus have significant changes in nutritional status manifested by reductions in growth, alterations in lean and fat body mass and abnormally low serum proteins during intensive therapy.
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PMID:Growth and body composition in response to chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. 987 86

Questionnaire studies on feeding patterns and nutritional status of 822 pre-school children (age 3-7) in different regions of Poland were performed between June 1999 and January 2000. Nutritional status was evaluated on the basis of anthropometric indices - height, body weight, body mass index (BMI) and BMI z-score. The mode of feeding was evaluated on the basis of recall of 24-hours menus. Average daily food rations and their nutritional value were calculated from the questionnaires data. Quantity and number of meals were also evaluated. In a group of 402 boys the average height was between 75-90 percentiles and body mass (50-75 percentiles). In 420 girls the average height was about the 90 percentile (age 3-4) and between 75-90 percentiles (age 5-7). The study showed that normal BMI z-score was found in 75% of children, underweight in 16.5% overweight and obesity in 8.5%. Feeding patterns showed great than differences. It was found that meat, fat, sweets and sugar content in daily food rations exceeded the recommended for pre-school children, but the vegetables intake was lower than recommended. Vitamins A and C deficiency in average daily rations didn't occur. The fat intake provided 36% of total energy, whereas carbohydrates (without lactose and starch) - about 20%. This can have inhibitory effect on microelements (Fe, Zn) absorption. Attention must be paid to the choice of products and the wrong distribution of total energy intake in daily rations. The habits of snack eating between the meals were reported in 91% of children. These snacks consisted of fruits, chips, french fries, sweets and sandwiches. These products provides 232 kcal +/- 171 kcal/day.
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PMID:[Evaluation of the nutritional status and feeding patterns of 3-7 year old children --results of a questionnaire]. 1138 Nov 51

Federal health goals for the public have focused on reducing health disparities that exist between whites and various racial and ethnic groups. Many of the chronic diseases for which African Americans are at greater risk- hypertension, stroke, colon cancer, and obesity-may be exacerbated by a low intake of calcium and/or other dairy-related nutrients. For example, a low intake of dairy food nutrients, such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium, may contribute to the high risk of hypertension seen in African Americans. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) study demonstrated that a low-fat diet rich in fruits and vegetables (8 to 10 servings) and low-fat dairy foods (3 servings) significantly reduced blood pressure-and was twice as effective in African-American participants. Calcium and dairy food consumption is particularly low among African-American, Hispanic, and Asian populations. Average intakes are near the threshold of 600 to 700 mg/day, below which bone loss and hypertension can result. Although lactose intolerance may be partly to blame for the low calcium intakes due to reduced dairy food consumption by minority populations, culturally determined food preferences and dietary practices learned early in life also play a role. The high incidence figures for primary lactose maldigestion among minority groups grossly overestimates the number who will experience intolerance symptoms after drinking a glass of milk with a meal. Randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that by using a few simple dietary strategies, those who maldigest lactose (have low levels of the lactase enzyme) can easily tolerate a dairy-rich diet that meets calcium intake recommendations. Physicians and other health professionals can help their minority patients and the general public understand how to improve calcium nutrition by overcoming the surmountable barrier of lactose intolerance. At the same time they will be helping to reduce the incidence of calcium-related chronic diseases for which minority populations are at high risk.
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PMID:Overcoming the barrier of lactose intolerance to reduce health disparities. 1185 47

Spherix Inc (formerly Biospherics) is developing tagatose, an orally active lactose derivative for the potential treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The compound is also under investigation for the potential treatment of anemia, hemophilia and medical problems related to infertility, birth weight and excessive maternal food intake. Phase I and II clinical trials have been completed.
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PMID:Drug evaluation: tagatose in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. 1708 38

Prospective trials have shown an independent negative correlation between dairy food consumption and overweight, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and ischaemic cardiovascular diseases. Large amounts of calcium can reduce intestinal fat absorption. They can also reduce lipogenesis, through an inhibitory effect on calcium calcitriol-mediated intracellular fluxes. Some soluble aminoacids appear to reduce appetite and may also improve tissular insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, arterial pressure and cardiovascular morbidity. Milk and dairy foods are recommended for patients with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and metabolic syndrome, and also for patients at risk. The high quality and low price of dairy proteins must be underlined. Controversy surrounding the possible atherogenic effect of dairy fatty acids means that fat-free milk and other dairy foods without added sugar should be preferred. Contraindications include lactose maltolerance and milk protein allergy.
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PMID:[Milk and dairy products in the prevention and therapy of obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome]. 1902 47


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