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The present study analyzes the influence of the nutritional status on the functional capability of 11 institutionalized elderly living in Madrid (Spain). Nutritional status was evaluated by dietetic, anthropometric, hematological and biochemical data and functional status was evaluated considering adiposity, strength in hands and legs bent and stretched and flexibility. The most important nutritional problems that conditional functional wastages are obesity, hypercholesterolemia and protein and micronutrient deficiency. The adverse influence of obesity and hypercholesterolemia on the functional capacity of the elderly is shown by the inverse relationship between flexibility and strength in hands and legs with the adiposity degree, with the thickness of skin folds and the cholesterolemia. In reference to the diet's influence, there are positive correlations between food intake and most of the nutrients with hand and legs strength, and there are statistical significances for proteins, iron, zinc, magnesium and pyridoxine, and also for vitamin C, niacin, thiamin, folic acid and vitamin E. For blood values, the mayor correlation exists between functional parameters and iron, ferritin and vitamin C levels. Our results contribute to confirm the influence of nutrition on the functional capacity of the influence of nutrition on the functional capacity of the elderly and manifest the necessity of improving the elderly's diet, to prevent micronutrient deficiency and also the necessity of increasing their physical activity. Both measures will mean an important help for sanitary and functional improvement of the elderly.
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PMID:[Effect of nutrition on the functional capacity of a group of elderly Spaniards]. 134 53

Age-related cataract is a condition characterized by multiple mechanisms and multiple risk factors. The mechanisms that bring about a loss in transparency include oxidation, osmotic stress, and chemical adduct formation. Risk factors for cataract include diabetes, radiation (ultraviolet B, x-ray), certain pharmaceutical substances, certain nutritional states, and possibly acute episodes of dehydration. Interaction occurs between and among mechanistic factors and risk factors. Thus nutrition must be considered as one part of a tapestry of intertwined events and responses. Certain experimental models for nutritional cataract have been useful for study of the cataractogenic process but are probably not important factors in the human disease. Little current evidence supports significant roles in human senile cataract for imbalances of tryptophan or other amino acids, deficiencies of calcium or selenium, or excessive intake of selenium. Overconsumption of galactose is likely to be hazardous only in subjects with genetic inability to metabolize this sugar. Vitamins with antioxidant potential (riboflavin, vitamin E, vitamin C, carotenoids) deserve further research scrutiny to ascertain their significance in cataract etiology. Excessive caloric intake needs to receive added emphasis as a factor contributing to cataract. Diabetes increases the likelihood of cataract three- to four-fold. Obesity, defined as more than 20% overweight, is considered a major risk factor for non-insulin-dependent, or type II, diabetes (69, 73). Weight control can be recommended as a prudent, safe, economic, and effective means of lowering risk probability for diabetes and the associated complication of cataract.
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PMID:Nutritional factors in cataract. 220 Apr 64

The vitamin E status in men and women aged 60-90 years (62 men and 124 women) was examined. Plasma free vitamin E was analysed according to a modified version of the Hansen and Warwich method--a fluorometric micromethod for serum tocopherol. Serum cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol were quantified by the enzymatic methods on a Computer Directed Analyzer. Anthropometric data included the measurement of 13 skinfold thickness dimensions and Quetelet's index of obesity computed from weight (in g) and height (in cm2). The distribution of plasma free tocopherol level ranged from 10 mumol/1 to 69.9 mumol/1 for men and from 20 mumol/1 to 64.9 mumol/1 for women (median: 40-44.9 mumol/1 for both groups). Using the range of 12-46 mumol/1 free tocopherol of the plasma as the criterion, 78.5% of the subjects were classified as having the optimal vitamin E status. With the total free tocopherol levels above 49.9 mumol/1 of plasma, 21.5% of the subjects had an over average vitamin E status. It has also been found that there were correlations between the total free plasma tocopherol and plasma lipids (plasma triglycerides, plasma cholesterol, in men and women) and HDL-cholesterol in the male population.
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PMID:Vitamin E status in men and women aged 60-90 years. 239 91

The immune system plays a key role in the body's ability to fight infection and reduce the risk of developing tumors, autoimmune and degenerative disease. Nutritional deficiencies and excesses influence various components of the immune system. Early studies investigating the association between nutrition and immunity focused on generalized protein-energy malnutrition, particularly in children in developing countries. The extent of immunological impairment depends not only on the severity of malnutrition but on the presence of infection and on the age of onset of nutritional deprivation, among other factors. In industrialized nations, immune function has been shown to be compromised in many malnourished hospitalized patients, small-for-gestational age infants, and the elderly. Obesity also may adversely influence immune function. Imbalances of single nutrients are relatively uncommon in humans, and investigations of protein and amino acids and specific vitamins, minerals, and trace elements generally are carried out in experimental animals. Deficiencies of protein and some amino acids, as well as vitamins A, E, B6 and folate, are associated with reduced immunocompetence. In contrast, excessive intake of fat, in particular polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g. linoleic and arachidonic acids), iron, and vitamin E are immunosuppressive. Trace elements modulate immune responses through their critical role in enzyme activity. Both deficiency and excess of trace elements have been recognized. Although dietary requirements of most of these elements are met by a balanced diet, there are certain population groups and specific disease states which are likely to be associated with deficiency of one or more of these essential elements. The role of trace elements in maintenance of immune function and their causal role in secondary immunodeficiency is increasingly being recognized. There is growing research concerning the role of zinc, copper, selenium, and other elements in immunity and the mechanisms that underlie such roles. The problem of interaction of trace elements and immunity is a complex one because of the frequently associated other nutritional deficiencies, the presence of clinical or subclinical infections which in themselves have a significant effect on immunity, and finally the altered metabolism due to the underlying disease. There are many practical applications of our recently acquired knowledge regarding nutritional regulation of immunity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Nutrition, immune response, and outcome. 309 56

Nutrition, immunity and infection are intricately linked to one another. Nutritional deficiencies and excesses influence various components of the immune system. Early studies investigating the association between nutrition and immunity focused on generalized protein-energy malnutrition, particularly in children in developing countries. The extent of immunological impairment depends not only on the severity of malnutrition but on the presence of infection and on the age of onset of nutritional deprivation, among other factors. In industrialized nations, immune function has been shown to be comprised in many malnourished hospitalized patients, small-for-gestational-age infants and the elderly. Obesity also may adversely influence immune function. Imbalances of single nutrients are relatively uncommon in humans and investigations of protein and amino acids and specific vitamins, minerals and trace elements generally are carried out in experimental animals. Deficiencies of protein and some amino acids, as well as vitamins A, E, B6 and folate, and trace minerals are associated with reduced immunocompetence. In contrast, excessive intake of fat, in particular polyunsaturated fatty acids, iron and vitamin E are immunosuppressive. Knowledge regarding nutritional regulation of immunity is leading to many practical applications.
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PMID:Nutrition and immunity: I. Basic considerations. II. Practical applications. 329 51

The effects of vitamin E on platelet function and erythrocyte membrane rigidity are extensively described. Little is known, however, about the vitamin E status in an obese population and about the effect of weight loss on it. This study evaluates the changes in vitamin E status during obesity treatment in 8 morbidly obese females. They received a protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) diet for a period of 5 weeks; mean vitamin E supplementation did not exceed the recommended daily allowance (8 mg of alpha-tocopherol equivalents). During the investigated period plasma vitamin E levels increased (p less than 0.02), while there was a slight decrease in plasma cholesterol. The rise in total tocopherol/total cholesterol ratio was highly significant (p less than 0.002). Both the experimental design and the results are comparable with previously reported data in hypothalamic obese mice. It is, therefore, suggested that the hypothalamic obese mouse is a convenient animal model for the study of vitamin E nutritional status in obesity.
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PMID:Changes in vitamin E status during obesity treatment. 359 23

This paper discusses the nutritional requirements for fat in infants and children in the light of the dietary alterations recently proposed by the Inter-Society Commission on Heart Disease Resources. It is not well known what the requirement for total fat and for serum cholesterol level during the first year of life should be. It is known that the only proved requirement for fat is linoleic acid, and that a logical fat intake would be that supplied by breast milk. 80% of American infants are fed with formulas which are not supplemented with the essential vitamin E. After infancy fat requirements change, and body stores are sufficient to insure against fatty acid deficiency. The dietary intake of American children is high in quantities of saturated fats and cholesterol, possibly leading to atherosclerosis later in life. The question is whether this cholesterogenic diet is harmful to all Americans or to a limited number of clinically discernible subjects, i.e., those children genetically predisposed to hyperlipoproteinimia. Such predisposition could be diagnosed at birth by screening of the umbilical cord blood, and checked again at school age and at adolescence. Thus, although limitation of a cholesterogenic diet to prevent obesity is reasonable, restricting cholestrogenic foods in everyone for the unproved distant goal of reducing atherosclerosis is dubious.
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PMID:Fat nutrition and diet in childhood. 463 20

This experiment was designed to study in rats the implications of the dietary type of fat at two levels of vitamin E on the life span as well as on several biochemical and anatomopathological age-related changes. For this purpose, six different isoenergetic diets containing 15% coconut oil (SFD), safflower oil (UFD) or a combination of both (CFD) with 2 or 200 mg% of dl-alpha-tocopherol were offered ad libitum to outbred Wistar male rats from weaning to senescence. The results indicated that up to 9--12 months the body weights of rats consuming the CFD or the UFD increased generally faster than those fed the SFD, and that all rats developed moderate degrees of obesity. Age-dependent changes in organ weights (kidneys, testes, spleen, brain, liver and heart) were unaffected by diet. Serum levels of vitamin E generally reflected the corresponding dietary levels, but were also influenced by the type of dietary fat. Serum cholesterol levels were not significantly affected by the type of diet or by age. Only transient hypotriglyceridemic and hypophospholipidemic effects of the UFD were observed and, while the levels of triglycerides decreased with age up to the 18th month followed by an increase at 24 months, the levels of serum phospholipids remained unchanged. Neither diet nor age modified the serum albumin/globulin ratios. While no differences in maximum life span were found between dietary groups, the 50% survival time of rats fed the UFD at high level of vitamin E was significantly longer than in all the other groups. This beneficial effect was related to postponement of the onset and reduction of incidence of malignant neoplasms, but was apparently not related to any particular influence on the incidence or severity of chronic nephropathy which practically developed in all rats. Various neoplastic, degenerative and inflammatory diseases encountered in rats dying during the course of the experiment were tabulated and compared with similar findings reported by others in different strains of rats. Pituitary and adrenocortical adenomas as well as adrenocortical and renal carcinomas were the most frequent tumors found in this study. All the pathological changes provided useful baseline information for the evaluation of data presented in this and subsequent communications of this series of studies.
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PMID:Effects of the type of dietary fat at two levels of vitamin E in Wistar male rats during development and aging. I. Life span, serum biochemical parameters and pathological changes. 741 19

The prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the urban population of India is similar to that in developed countries; Indian immigrants in industrialized countries have the highest prevalence of CAD. This is a cross-sectional survey within a random sample of a single urban setting in India. The relation between risk of CAD and plasma levels of vitamins A, C, E, and beta-carotene was examined in 72 of 595 elderly subjects (12.1%) with CAD (aged 50 to 84 years). Plasma levels of vitamins A, C, E, and beta-carotene were significantly related to risk of CAD. Smoking (n = 145) and diabetes (n = 70) were the confounding factors. Lipid peroxides were higher in patients with CAD and diabetes, and in those who smoked. The inverse relation between CAD and low plasma vitamin C was substantially reduced after adjustment for smoking and diabetes. Vitamin A and E levels remained independently and inversely related to the risk of CAD after adjustment for age, smoking, diabetes, blood pressure, blood lipoproteins, and relative weight and body mass index. The adjusted odds ratios for CAD between the lowest and highest quintiles of vitamin E levels were 2.53 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11 to 5.31), vitamin C, 2.21 (95% CI 1.12 to 3.15), and beta-carotene, 1.72 (95% CI 0.88 to 3.62). The fatty acid composition of the diet, blood lipid levels, central obesity (waist-hip ratio), smoking habits, blood pressure, and plasma insulin levels do not appear to account for high rates of CAD among elderly Indians.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Dietary intake, plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins, and oxidative stress in relation to coronary artery disease in elderly subjects. 750 2

We report a 44-year-old woman in whom intestinal bypass for obesity at age 23 resulted in chronic malabsorption. After hysterectomy for menorrhagia due to atypical endometrial hyperplasia, the finding of myometrial lipofuscinosis led to a demonstration of vitamin E deficiency. Vitamin E supplementation led to an unexpected improvement in the unsteadiness of gait and slurring of speech of which she had also complained. We suggest that supplementation with vitamin E should be routine in all patients with persistent severe steatorrhoea.
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PMID:Symptomatic vitamin E deficiency diagnosed after histological recognition of myometrial lipofuscinosis. 765 82


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