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This review has discussed some metabolic and endocrine changes that can be associated with a stress type of metabolism, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, smoking and the consumption of diets rich in fat and refined sugar, or poor in ascorbate. These are some of the risk factors associated with premature atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and stroke. It has been proposed that an increased control of metabolism by the 'stress' or counter-regulatory hormones, relative to insulin, is a common feature of these risk factors. Particular emphasis was placed upon the action of the glucocorticoids which can produce insulin insensitivity, leading to hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, hypercholesterolaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. Furthermore, glucocorticoids can decrease energy expenditure and, together with insulin, promote energy deposition. These observations provide a partial explanation for the metabolic changes that can accompany the risk factors and clarify why they interact in promoting atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Possible connections between stress, diabetes, obesity, hypertension and altered lipoprotein metabolism that may result in atherosclerosis. 268 77

A case-control study is presented that estimates ovarian cancer risk for various factors, including diet. Data collected by interview between 1957 and 1965 for 274 white women aged 30-79 years with epithelial carcinoma of the ovary are compared to data similarly collected for 1,034 hospital controls. Relative risk estimates are presented for the total group as well as for premonopausal (ages 30-49) and postmenopausal (ages 50-79) are groups. In the total group, cancer risk increased with increasing age at first marriage (P less than .01) and previous history of benign breast disease (P less than 0.1), and risk decreased with increasing number of previous pregnancies (P less than .01). In the 50- to 79-year age group, a marginally significant trend for decreasing risk with increasing obesity was observed (P less than .10). There was no significant risk (i.e., P less than .10) associated with the consumption of alcohol, cigarettes, coffee, tea, total dietary protein, vitamin C, or fat at any age. In the 30- to 49-year age group only, increased risk (P less than .01) was seen in women reporting diets low in fiber and vitamin A from fruit and vegetable sources. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the apparent protective effect of vitamin A in the 30- to 49-year age group (but not dietary fiber) was independent of the nondietary factors analyzed in this study (P less than .05).
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PMID:A case-control study of dietary and nondietary factors in ovarian cancer. 657 62

A comparison has been made of the effects of d(+) fenfluramine, Mazindol and Diethylpropion on the changes in body weight and brain ascorbic acid concentrations in male and female guinea pigs receiving vitamin C-deficient diet daily with or without daily supplementary vitamin C for 24 days. Bodyweight increases initially; the subsequent decrease was more rapid in scorbutic male than in the female guinea pigs. The weight-reducing drugs prevented the initial rise in weight of these ascorbutic guinea pigs. Fenfluramine caused the greatest fall in weight in both sexes, the effect being more pronounced in the males. Supplementary vitamin C reduced the anti-obesity actions of fenfluramine, Mazindol and Diethylpropion. Brain ascorbic acid level in scorbutic guinea pigs was more significantly reduced by fenfluramine than by either Mazindol or Diethylpropion after 24 days administration. These drugs prevented the rise in brain ascorbic acid normally produced by supplementary vitamin C. The reduction brain ascorbic acid appears to be related to the loss of weight more in the males than in the females.
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PMID:Vitamin C and weight reducing drugs on brain ascorbic acid in guinea pigs. 732 3

The prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the urban population of India is similar to that in developed countries; Indian immigrants in industrialized countries have the highest prevalence of CAD. This is a cross-sectional survey within a random sample of a single urban setting in India. The relation between risk of CAD and plasma levels of vitamins A, C, E, and beta-carotene was examined in 72 of 595 elderly subjects (12.1%) with CAD (aged 50 to 84 years). Plasma levels of vitamins A, C, E, and beta-carotene were significantly related to risk of CAD. Smoking (n = 145) and diabetes (n = 70) were the confounding factors. Lipid peroxides were higher in patients with CAD and diabetes, and in those who smoked. The inverse relation between CAD and low plasma vitamin C was substantially reduced after adjustment for smoking and diabetes. Vitamin A and E levels remained independently and inversely related to the risk of CAD after adjustment for age, smoking, diabetes, blood pressure, blood lipoproteins, and relative weight and body mass index. The adjusted odds ratios for CAD between the lowest and highest quintiles of vitamin E levels were 2.53 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11 to 5.31), vitamin C, 2.21 (95% CI 1.12 to 3.15), and beta-carotene, 1.72 (95% CI 0.88 to 3.62). The fatty acid composition of the diet, blood lipid levels, central obesity (waist-hip ratio), smoking habits, blood pressure, and plasma insulin levels do not appear to account for high rates of CAD among elderly Indians.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Dietary intake, plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins, and oxidative stress in relation to coronary artery disease in elderly subjects. 750 2

Selected parameters of lipid metabolism (cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, atherogenic index, triacylglycerols, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin E/cholesterol, plasma fatty acid profile) and pro-oxidative/anti-oxidative parameters (conjugated dienes of fatty acids, activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase) were estimated in blood of 59 healthy vegetarians aged 19-30 years. When compared to non-vegetarians, no incidence of obesity, low levels of cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, atherogenic index or triacylglycerols, HDL cholesterol levels on the margin of 1.4 mmol/l (boundary level between standard and reduced risk) as well as a higher plasma content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and a higher 18:2/18:1 ratio were all favourable consequences of vegetarianism with respect to atherosclerosis prevention. These factors are completed by higher levels of protective compounds with antisclerotic activity (vitamin C, vitamin E/cholesterol--protecting LDL from lipoperoxidation) as well as by beneficial pro-oxidative/anti-oxidative parameters (low values of conjugated dienes, significantly higher activity of catalase, higher level of vitamin C).
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PMID:Selected parameters of lipid metabolism in young vegetarians. 770 61

The authors subdued 183 vegetarians to examination, the aim of which was to judge the state of health and nutrition of the vegetarian population. The examined group was composed of people with their age ranging from 19-60 years, out of which 102 were of younger (19-39 years) and 81 were of older age. Their average period of vegetarian food consumption was 4.2 years. One third of men and a half of women were lacto-vegetarians, the rest were lacto-ovo-vegetarians. The results were compared with 160 nonvegetarians (64 of younger and 96 of older age). The detected values of lipid parameters were evaluated as favourable for vegetarians (low values of cholesterol, triacylglycerols, atherogenic index, LDL-cholesterol, the share of HDL-cholesterol was 28-33% (vs 24-26% in nonvegetarians) with values converging to 1.4 mmol.l-1--i.e. reduced risk). Additional favourable factors in prevention of atherosclerosis include the absence of obesity in vegetarians and values of antisclerotic active substances in blood (high values of vitamin C, in comparison with nonvegetarians a significantly higher molar ratio of vitamin E/cholesterol and vitamin E/triacylglycerols--more effective protection against peroxidation of lipids). Vegetarian mode of food consumption may be favourably evaluated regarding prooxidative-antioxidative parameters which play an important role in the process of atherogenesis, and carcinogenesis. Significantly lower values of conjugated dienes in plasma of vegetarians and vice versa high values of antioxidant substances (vitamin C, vitamin E/lipid components, catalase activity) were detected. A more pronounced system of detoxication in vegetarians is important due to a possible risk of an increased intake of xenogenous substances. (Tab. 3, Ref. 27.)
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PMID:[Lipid and pro-oxidative and antioxidative parameters in the blood of vegetarians]. 855 57

The prevalence of coronary artery (CAD) disease in the Indian urban population is comparable to British population. Dietary intakes, antioxidant vitamins, prevalence of risk factors and CAD, were studied in a random sample of 152 adult urban subjects between 26-65 years of age (80 males, 72 females) from Peerzada street, Moradabad and compared with Indian immigrants to U.K. and a British comparison group. There was no significant relation with vitamin A. Smoking and diabetes were the confounding factors. Plasma antioxidant vitamin C (21.6 +/- 3.3 vs 42.5 +/- 4.5 mumol/L), vitamin E (15.2 +/- 2.8 vs 21.4 +/- 3.2 mumol/L) and beta-carotene (0.33 +/- 0.6 vs 0.55 +/- 0.08 mumol/L) were significantly lowered and lipid peroxides higher (2.82 +/- 0.22 vs 1.3 +/- 0.20 nmol/ml) in patients with CAD compared to subjects without any risk factors. The relation between low plasma level of vitamin C and E levels and carotene remained independently and inversely related after adjustment for smoking, diabetes and other risk factors. Regression analysis showed that after adjustment. Odd's ratio for carotene (1.82, 95% C.I. 0.50 to 3.72), vitamin C (2.23, 95% C.I. 1.14 to 5.26) and vitamin E (2.35, 95% C.I. 1.29 to 5.30) were significantly related to CAD. Underlying these changes, dietary intake of vitamin A, E, C and beta-carotene was significantly less in patients with CAD. Vitamin C and beta-carotene intake were less in smokers and diabetes. Compared with British population, the Indian urbans consumed less total and saturated fat and cholesterol and more polyunsaturated fat and complex carbohydrates. The plasma total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were less in Indian urbans compared to Britons and so were mean body weight, body mass index and waist-hip ratio. Plasma insulin levels were comparable. The fatty acid composition of the diet, blood lipids, central obesity and insulin levels do not appear to account for high rates of CAD among Indians. The findings suggest that urban population in India may benefit from eating diets rich in antioxidant vitamin C, E and beta-carotene.
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PMID:Diet, antioxidant vitamins, oxidative stress and risk of coronary artery disease: the Peerzada Prospective Study. 783 64

During the first quarter of 1990, Xhosa-speaking nurses interviewed mothers and took anthropometric measurements of 163 children 3-6 years old living in squatter and formal housing areas of Cape Town, South Africa, to determine the nutritional status of the children. 39% of the children received less than 67% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of calories (i.e., deficiency) and 3% received more than 120% of the RDA. Most children were deficient in calcium (80%), iron (77%), vitamin A (64%), riboflavin (52%), niacin (53%), vitamin B6 (58%), and vitamin C (76%). Most children received more than 120% of the RDA for folic acid (68%) and for vitamin B12 (63%). Milk consumption was low (median intake, 0.5 portion vs. 2-3 portions as recommended by the department of national health and population development guidelines). The diet was also deficient in vegetables and fruit intake (1.32 vs. =or 4 portions) and fat intake (2.5 vs. =or 4 portions). Children did receive adequate portions of meat and foods from the cereal group, however. Macronutrient energy distribution fell within prudent dietary guidelines: 28.1% of energy from total fat, 63.7% from carbohydrates, and 13.2% from protein. 44.8% of children had only 2 meals with more than 600 kJ. 15 children (9.2%) had only 1 meal. 27.6% were stunted. 7.7% were underweight. 7.9% were wasted. 20.1% were obese. The undernourished children and the obese children consumed a diet low in micronutrients. These anthropometric findings indicate a population in transition--acutely and chronically undernourished children coexisting with obesity. The overall findings suggest a need to develop a nutrition and health policy to address nutrient deficit and excess.
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PMID:Nutritional status of 3-6 year-old African children in the Cape Peninsula. 785 52

For the purpose of judgement of the vegetarian population state of health and nutrition 41 vegetarians were examined, namely university students in the age of 18-24 years, 36% of which were lacto-vegetarians and 64% lacto-ovo-vegetarians, 22 men and 19 women. Low values of cholesterol and triacylglycerols, content of HDL-cholesterol to 32% (close to the value 1.4 mmol per litre), low atherogenic index, low values of blood pressure and no case of obesity are favourable factors in the prevention of atherosclerosis. The only exception is represented by low values of vitamin C which neither in autumn period achieved the bottom value of the physiological range (low intake of fruit and vegetables). Saturation of organism with proteins is good (intake of full-value mixture of aminoacids in the form of plant and milk proteins), the values of glycemia were on the level of the bottom border of the physiological range. Low values of hematological parameters were detected. The erythrocyte count and levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit were on the bottom border of the physiological range; the values of serum iron in the bottom half of the physiological standard. The vegetarians consumed less fruit and vegetables (vitamin C facilities the conversion of the ferri-form into ferro-form), more cerials (linkage of iron with the phytic acid), and only scarcely the foliage vegetables. The incidence of anemias was equal with that in non-vegetarians in the age of 17-18 years (epidemiologic study of the institute). The supply of organism by vitamins B1,B2 and B6 were within the physiological standard.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Biochemical and hematologic indicators in the blood of young vegetarians]. 792 14

High plasma vitamin C may lower risk of cardiovascular disease as indicated by direct association with plasma high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and HDL2 cholesterol. Plasma lipids and vitamin C were determined in 316 women and 511 men (aged 19-95 y). After adjustment for age, sex, obesity, and smoking, plasma vitamin C was directly associated with HDL- (P = 0.01) and HDL2 cholesterol (P = 0.0002). When men and women with diseases that might affect lipids were excluded, associations between plasma vitamin C and HDL- and HDL2 cholesterol persisted, though the relationships were strongest in older men. Comparisons of diets in a subset (n = 485) who completed 7-d diet records were made. Total fat, saturated fatty acids, energy from fat, and cholesterol intakes were not associated with plasma vitamin C. Mean intakes of vitamin C were well above recommended dietary allowances. These findings suggest that high plasma concentrations of vitamin C may lower atherogenic risk.
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PMID:High plasma vitamin C associated with high plasma HDL- and HDL2 cholesterol. 801 21


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