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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Precanceroses and early screening of endometrial carcinomas are reviewed. Measures are evaluated on how to prevent this malignancy with administration of gestagens in hyperplastical endometrial changes in climacteric conditions and manifestations of endometrial estrogenization in postmenopause. On the basis of clinical, laboratory and histological investigations, the total of 31 female subjects with dysfunctional bleeding was given medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera Upjohn tbl.) in 10 mg daily doses for up to 10-13 days cyclically prior to the onset of menopause. Under the mentioned treatment any of them experienced the rebleed, and no endometrial carcinoma had been diagnosed with control vacuum curettage within one year of observation. In a total of 196 women operated on to endometrial carcinoma, the occurrence of risk-factors for the development of mentioned tumour (obesity, late menopause, i.e. menopause after 50 years of age, sterility and dysfunctional bleeding backed with anovulation, long-term estrogen administration, feminizing ovarian tumours, liver diseases, glycide metabolic disorders and hypertension) was evaluated. The present work was aimed on the screening of asymptomatic group of women. Two important signs (obesity and late menopause) were invariably determined with the addition of any other risk factor. Mentioned women are supposed to undergo regular yearly histological investigation of endometrium. Of most benefit the vacuum curettage is believed by authors as a result of comparing the validation of cytological and histological methods in order of early evidence.
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PMID:[Precanceroses and endometrial carcinoma]. 184 15

We report the fasting and post-challenge plasma insulin and glucose levels in 469 nondiabetic postmenopausal women from the Rancho Bernardo cohort according to the current use of estrogen replacement therapy. In these older women, the use of noncontraceptive estrogen was not associated with impaired glucose tolerance. Estrogen-treated women had lower levels of insulin than women who were not taking estrogen; these differences were not explained by age, obesity, or differential hormone use by women with known glucose intolerance. There were no significant differences in glucose and insulin levels in those taking conjugated equine estrogen (Premarin) alone compared to those taking it with medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera).
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PMID:Ischemic heart disease risk in postmenopausal women. Effects of estrogen use on glucose and insulin levels. 216 81

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is classified by the character of the menstrual cycle: ovulatory or anovulatory. Anovulation can occur at any age and is physiologic in the first year or two after menarche and for several years before menopause. Anovulatory cycles are characteristically irregular and marked by prolonged episodes of bleeding unassociated with signs or symptoms of ovulation. Specific causes of anovulation such as hyperprolactinemia, thyroid disease, androgen excess, anorexia, obesity, and excess exercise can be treated specifically; otherwise, therapy depends upon patient goals. Cycle regulation can be affected by monthly courses of progestin, such as medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera), 10 mg daily for 10 days each month. Contraception and cycle regulation can both be accomplished with oral contraceptives. Fertility, on the other hand, will require ovulation induction. Ovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding most prevalent in parous women between the ages of 20 and 40 is associated with regular cycle intervals and premenstrual molimina. Midcycle and perimenstrual spotting can often be treated with observation only, but depending upon patient and/or physician concerns, periodic hormonal suppression is effective. The management of menorrhagia should include the following: (1) exclusion of pathology in the genital tract; (2) reduction in activity during days of heavy flow; (3) the avoidance of aspirin in the week before and on days of flow; (4) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; (5) cycle suppression--oral contraceptives, danazol (Danocrine), depo-progestin; (6) luteal phase progestin; and (7) surgical intervention.
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PMID:Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. 305 63

Obesity is known to affect many aspects of the metabolism of steroid hormones. Both Depo-Provera and Norigest are highly lipid-soluble steroids so that it might be expected that their metabolism would be especially affected in obesity. This study compares rate of uptake and metabolism in these 2 steroids in groups of obese and thin women. Each of 4 groups (each steroid taken by both thin and obese women) of 10 women was injected with either Depo-Provera or Norigest and blood was collected prior to injection and at weekly intervals during the following 12 weeks. There was no significant difference in the serum levels of the contraceptive steroids between the groups. Both follicular and luteal activity returned earlier in women injected with Norigest, but there was no difference between thin and obese women in this area. The authors conclude that the blood concentrations of the steroids do not differ markedly between thin and obese women but this does not rule out the possibility that other more intricate metabolic changes might occur.
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PMID:Metabolism of injectable formulations of contraceptive steroids in obese and thin women. 712 34

Epidemiologic studies suggest that ovarian hormones contribute to the development of breast cancer at all stages. Early menopause and premenopausal obesity reduces the risk while postmenopausal obesity and menopausal estrogen replacement therapy increases the risk. Combined oral contraceptives and Depo-Provera do not reduce the risk. It appears that estrogens and progestogens act through and with proto-oncogenes and growth factors to affect breast cell proliferation and breast cancer etiology. Animal studies suggest that estrogen causes interlobular ductal cell division and progesterone causes increased terminal duct lobular unit cell division in the luteal phase. Most breast carcinomas originate from terminal duct lobular unit cells. During pregnancy, these cells fully multiply. Their reproduction is also increased during the luteal phase. Yet, there is considerable interpersonal variation. No studies examining breast cell division have compared cell division rates with serum hormone concentrations, however. The peak of mitosis occurs about 3 days before breast cell death in the late luteal and very early follicular phases. Other research suggests that breast stem cell proliferation is linked to breast cancer development. Endocrine therapy reduces mitotic activity, indicating the estrogen and progesterone receptor content of breast cancers. Hormone-dependent breast cancer cell lines are all estrogen-dependent. Progesterone can block the estrogen-dependent cell lines which act like endometrial cells. The results of the various breast cell proliferation studies in relation to breast cancer are unclear and research identifying a molecular explanation would help in understanding the different findings.
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PMID:Estrogens, progestogens, normal breast cell proliferation, and breast cancer risk. 840 1

Obesity is a risk factor for stroke and neurodegenerative disease. Excess body fat has been linked to impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and impulsivity and may be a precursor to decline in attention and executive cognitive function. Here, we investigated the effects of high BMI on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging in healthy subjects. A total of 16 adult men and 20 adult women were recruited from the community between January 2003 and July 2009 as part of a healthy brain study (HBS) conducted at the Amen Clinics, a private medical facility. Participants in the study were screened to exclude medical, neurological, and psychiatric conditions, including substance abuse. Subjects were categorized as normal or overweight according to BMI. Using a two sample t-test, we determined the effects of BMI on rCBF in normal vs. overweight subjects. Subjects were matched for age and gender. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) revealed a higher BMI in healthy individuals that is associated with decreased rCBF in Broadmann areas 8, 9, 10, 11, 32, and 44, brain regions involved in attention, reasoning, and executive function (P < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons). We found that an elevated BMI is associated with decreased rCBF in the prefrontal cortex of a healthy cohort. These results indicate that elevated BMI may be a risk factor for decreased prefrontal cortex function and potentially impaired executive function.
Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011 May
PMID:Elevated BMI is associated with decreased blood flow in the prefrontal cortex using SPECT imaging in healthy adults. 2131 7