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Over the last four decades there has been extensive research into the links between diet and coronary heart disease. The most recent literature is reviewed in this position statement. The clinical and public health aspects of the National Heart Foundation's nutrition policy are based on this review. The key points are as follows: 1. Saturated fatty acids A high intake of saturated fatty acids is strongly associated with elevated serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels and increased risk of coronary heart disease. 2. The n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids The n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (principally linoleic acid) lower serum cholesterol levels when substituted for saturated fats and probably have an independent cholesterol-lowering effect. 3. The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (fish oils) The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce serum triglyceride levels, decrease the tendency to thrombosis and may further reduce coronary risk through other mechanisms. 4. Monounsaturated fatty acids Monounsaturated fatty acids reduce serum cholesterol levels when substituted for saturated fatty acids. It is not clear whether this is an independent effect or simply the result of displacement of saturates. 5. Trans fatty acids Trans fatty acids may increase serum cholesterol levels and can be reckoned to be equivalent to saturated fatty acids. 6. Total fat Total fat intake, independent of fatty acid type, is not strongly associated with coronary heart disease but may contribute to obesity. Associations between total fat intake and coronary heart disease are primarily mediated through the saturated fatty acid component. 7. Dietary cholesterol Dietary cholesterol increases serum cholesterol levels in some people and may increase risk of coronary heart disease. 8. Alcohol A high intake of alcohol increases blood pressure and serum triglyceride levels and increases mortality from cardiovascular disease. Light alcohol consumption reduces the risk of coronary heart disease. 9. Sugar The consumption of sugar is not associated with coronary heart disease. 10. Sodium and potassium High salt intake is related to hypertension especially in the subset of "salt-sensitive" people. Potassium intake may be inversely related to hypertension. 11. Overweight and obesity Abdominal obesity increases the risk of coronary heart disease probably by adversely influencing conventional risk factors. 12. Vegetarianism A high intake of plant foods reduces the risk of coronary heart disease through several mechanisms, including lowering serum cholesterol and blood pressure levels.
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PMID:Diet and coronary heart disease. The National Heart Foundation of Australia. 163 Mar 69

The mouse ob mutation has been mapped relative to a series of RFLPs among the progeny of three separate mouse crosses: an intraspecific backcross, an intraspecific intercross, and an interspecific intercross. Genotypic assignment at the ob locus was made by making use of measurements of body mass index and the plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin. These data have suggested that the development of diabetes in these animals is a consequence of unlinked polygenes. There was also evidence that unlinked Mus spretus alleles can diminish the obesity of ob/ob mice. From these data we have mapped several markers on chromosome 6 with the following order: cen-Cola-2-Met-ob-Cpa-Tcrb. The homologs of markers that flank ob map to human chromosome 7q, suggesting that if there is a human homologue of ob, it maps to 7q31.
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PMID:Molecular mapping of the mouse ob mutation. 168 14

Bilateral basomedial hypothalamic (BMH) electrolytic lesions in White Leghorn cockerels produced six main physiological categories characterized by typical sets of symptoms: 1) functional castration (FC); hyperphagia, obesity, occasional diabetes insipidus, involuted adenohypophysis, dwarfism, atrophied comb and testes, reduced hematocrit, reduced plasma testosterone and thyroid activity, involuted thymus and adrenal cortex and elevated liver fat and plasma triglycerides and free fatty acids. The FC birds demonstrated defective immune response for the first 12 to 16 wk post-surgery. 2) functional castration with large comb (FCLC); hyperphagia, obesity, transient diabetes insipidus, slight diminution of adenohypophy-seal weight with marked reduction in basophilic cell population, fully atrophied testes but only slight reduction in comb size and hematocrit, plasma testosterone levels between those found in the first category and the control. 3) obese with normal testes (ONT); hyperphagia, obesity, high level of plasma lipids, normal histological organization of the adenohypophysis, normal testes, semen production and comb size. The next three categories exhibited physiological syndromes identical to the former three categories except for food intake, which operationally could be defined as normal. A marked difference among the BMH-lesioned birds was found in sexual behavior when the FC birds completely lost their libido. None of the replacement therapy regimens caused complete rehabilitation from adiposity or restoration of reproductive traits. Lipoprotein lipase activity increased at an early stage postlesioning and preceeded the development of hyperphagia. Placement of BMH lesions in newly hatched chicks resulted in marked dwarfism and obesity without hyperphagia. The BMH-lesioned heavy breed White Rock cockerels exhibited a lesser degree of adiposity than the light White Leghorn birds. Removal of the olfactory bulbs and destruction of the septal area resulted in increased thyroid activity, with secondary hyperphagia without obesity. In a short-term study, administration of sodium pentobarbital to the BMH area resulted in increased feeding. Conversely, glucose administration to the same area suppressed feeding in satiated but not in food-deprived chickens.
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PMID:Role of the basomedial hypothalamus in regulation of adiposity, food intake, and reproductive traits in the domestic fowl. 267 24

Rats consuming Coca-Cola and Purina chow ad libitum increased their total energy intake by 50% without excess weight gain. Their resistance to cold was markedly improved. These phenomena were characterized by significant increases in interscapular brown adipose tissue weight (IBAT) (91%), cellularity (59%), triglyceride content (52%), protein content (94%), and cytochrome oxidase activity (167%). In contrast, Coca-Cola consumption did not significantly affect the cellularity or triglyceride content of parametrial white adipose tissue (PWAT), although it slightly augmented PWAT weight. The effects of Coca-Cola on cold resistance, IBAT cellularity, and composition were entirely reproduced by sucrose, but not caffeine, consumption. Although caffeine also increased IBAT cellularity and composition, it significantly decreased the rate of body weight gain, PWAT weight, and adipocyte size. Moreover, it markedly inhibited adipocyte proliferation in PWAT thereby mimicking the effects of exercise training and food restriction (Bukowiecki et al., Am. J. Physiol. 239 (Endocrinol. Metab. 2): E422-E429, 1980). It is concluded a) that sucrose and Coca-Cola consumption improve the resistance of rats to cold, most probably by increasing brown adipose tissue cellularity, and b) that moderate caffeine intake might be useful for inhibiting proliferative activity in white adipose tissue, thereby preventing obesity.
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PMID:Effects of sucrose, caffeine, and cola beverages on obesity, cold resistance, and adipose tissue cellularity. 683 66

The JCR:LA-corpulent rat is a strain exhibiting marked obesity and metabolic derangements characterized by hyperlipidemia due to hypersecretion of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and severe insulin resistance. The corpulent male rats spontaneously develop atherosclerosis and ischemic myocardial lesions. Male corpulent rats were treated with acarbose in the presence and absence of sugar-supplemented diets. The acarbose-treated rats had lower body weights at 3 months of age with unaltered food consumption, and a similar effect was seen with a high-fructose diet. Fasting insulin concentrations were decreased significantly in acarbose-treated animals at both 3 and 9 months of age, and the rate of plasma glucose disappearance increased at 3 months of age. Acarbose treatment did not affect whole-serum triglyceride concentrations, but there were modest decreases in cholesterol levels. Sugar-supplemented diets caused no significant changes in insulin or glucose concentrations, and caused small increases in nonesterified cholesterol only. Fructose- but not sucrose-supplemented diets were associated with a significantly decreased frequency of old scarred myocardial lesions. The frequency of occurrence of such lesions was also decreased by acarbose treatment. This effect of acarbose treatment may reflect improvement in insulin and glucose metabolism in treated rats. The decrease in myocardial lesions in fructose-fed rats may be secondary to increased carbohydrate metabolism via the pathways leading from fructose to triglyceride.
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PMID:Beneficial effects of acarbose in the atherosclerosis-prone JCR:LA-corpulent rat. 847 19

Authors reviews--upon literature data--the metabolism of carbohydrates, with special regard to lipogenesis, which is of less importance and has no role in obesity. Out of the plasma lipids, in the case of extreme sugar consumption, only the level of triglicerides shows increase. Sugar is one but not the only factor caries. Sugar promotes the learning and remembering function of the brain and possibly, affects behaviour, too. Oligosaccharides may contribute to the favourable changes in the intestinal microflora. Carbohydrates and within them, sugars, play no unfavourable role in the development of diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardiovascular disease, when nutrition is well balanced.
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PMID:[Physiological role of dietary carbohydrates in diet of hungarian population. Epidemiological study]. 982 67

There is an association between autonomic nervous system output and obesity. The sympathetic nervous system stimulates lipid metabolism and regulates food intake and, hence, body weight. Leptin, produced by adipocytes in proportion to their size, has been shown to directly stimulate the satiety center. In the experiment reported here, food and water intake were compared after intracerebroventricular administration of human recombinant leptin to lines of chickens that had undergone divergent selection for over 45 generations from a common White Rock base population for high (HWS) or low (LWS) body weight at 8 weeks-of-age. Leptin caused a linear decrease in food intake in chickens from the LWS line whereas no effect was observed in those from the HWS line. The HWS chickens tended to have reduced water intake post leptin administration. Others reported that leptin decreased food intake in both broiler and Leghorn chickens. Leptin concentration in the central nervous system may not contribute directly to the difference of body weight between HWS and LWS chickens.
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PMID:Leptin effects on food and water intake in lines of chickens selected for high or low body weight. 1576 84

Current scientific evidence indicates that dietary fat plays a role in weight loss and maintenance. Meta-analyses of intervention trials find that fat-reduced diets cause a 3-4-kg larger weight loss than normal-fat diets. A 10% reduction in dietary fat can cause a 4-5-kg weight loss in individuals with initial body mass index of 30 kg m (-2). Short-term trials show that nonfat dietary components are equally important. Sugar-sweetened beverages promote weight gain, and replacement of energy from fat by sugar-sweetened beverages is counterproductive in diets aimed at weight loss. Protein has been shown to be more satiating than carbohydrate, and fat-reduced diets with a high protein content (20-25% of energy) may increase weight loss significantly. There is little evidence that low-glycemic index foods facilitate weight control. Evidence linking certain fatty acids to body fatness is weak. Monounsaturated fatty acids may even be more fattening than polyunsaturated and saturated fats. No ad libitum dietary intervention study has shown that a normal-fat, high-monounsaturated fatty acid diet is comparable to a low-fat diet in preventing weight gain. Current evidence indicates that the best diet for prevention of weight gain, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease is low in fat and sugar-rich beverages and high in carbohydrates, fiber, grains, and protein.
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PMID:The role of dietary fat in obesity. 1596 79

Surveys have shown increases in dental caries in young persons in Kuwait. Intake of sugar and carbohydrates has increased, as has the incidence of obesity. The objective of this study was to identify dietary practices and the potential for dental disease in primary, intermediate, and secondary school students in a health region. A random sample of 600 students aged 8, 13, and 17 yrs in 12 schools (6 boys' schools and 6 girls' schools) received a questionnaire. Responses were analyzed by age group, gender, and dietary practices at home and in school. The dietary composition of meals tended to be similar at all ages and in both genders. A total of 97% of 8-yr-old, 96% of 13-yr-old, and 92% of 17-yr-old students reported snacking at school. Sugar intake from identified snacks alone was calculated as 193.8 g/day or the estimated equivalent of 746 calories, and daily fat intake was 70.17 g. A total of 88.6% of respondents (56.6% of all children) used fluoridated toothpaste; 44.4% of all children (22.6% of 8-yr-old, 14.1% of 13-yr-old, and 7.7% of 17-yr-old students) reported brushing their teeth three times per day. Use of school snacks increased with age, while use of a toothbrush decreased. Fundamental oral hygiene procedures such as brushing and use of fluoridated toothpaste appear to have been implemented. Health workers need to provide new and pertinent oral health messages, nutrition counseling, attention to diet, and reinforcement with parents, food preparers, health facilities, and intermediate and secondary schools.
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PMID:Dietary habits of the primary to secondary school population and implications for oral health. 1684 70

Zinc ions influence adipose tissue metabolism by regulating leptin secretion and by promoting free fatty acid release and glucose uptake. The mechanisms controlling zinc metabolism in adipose tissue are unknown. We therefore examined the gene-expression levels of a number of zinc-transporting proteins in adipose tissue, comparing subcutaneous fat with visceral fat from lean and obese humans. Both ZnT-proteins responsible for zinc transport from cytosol to extracellular compartments and intracellular vesicles and Zip-proteins responsible for zinc transport to the cytoplasm were expressed in all samples. This suggests that zinc metabolism in adipocytes is actively controlled by zinc-transporters. The expression levels were different in lean and obese subjects suggesting a role for these proteins in obesity. Furthermore, the expression levels were different from subcutaneous fat to intra-abdominal fat suggesting that the metabolic activity in adipocytes is to some extent dependent upon zinc and the activity of zinc-transporting proteins or vice versa.
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PMID:Zinc-transporter genes in human visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes: lean versus obese. 1711 30


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