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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Similarities in anomalous perception of internal gastric states and sensitivity to distraction among the obese to variations in perceptual reactance suggest that the obese tend to augment the intensity of visceral cues associated with hunger. It was hypothesized that the obese would be overrepresented at the augmenter end of the perceptual reactance continuum. Thirteen obese (six male, seven female) and 14 nonobese (eight male, six female) college students participated in a study in which perceptual reactance was assessed by degree of Kinesthetic Figural Aftereffect (KFA). A highly significant relationship in the predicted direction was observed for perceptual reactance category and mean percent weight deviation. Additionally, there was a highly significant interaction of sex by category, with the hypothesized relationship intensified for the female Ss. Results supported interpretation of obesity as a consequence of animalous perception of cues associated with consuming behavior.
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PMID:Obesity and perceptual reactance. 55 89

Forty-six trauma patients who had developed non-union of the humerus were evaluated from 1972 through 1981 as part of a large prospective study on nonunion. The average age of the 46 patients was 55 years. Women outnumbered men (29 women and 17 men). Seventy-one percent of the fractures occurred below the midpoint of the humerus. Inadequate immobilization and/or distraction and failure of internal fixation devices to obtain and maintain fracture fragment contiguity and stability was noted. Of the 46 patients referred, 39 were treated with constant direct current, using percutaneously inserted electrodes. Senile and disuse osteoporosis (62%), synovial pseudarthrosis (42%), obesity (20%), and osteomyelitis (5%) in this older patient population made this a difficult treatment problem. Seventeen patients' nonunions healed (46%). Electrical stimulation of nonunion of the humerus is not a panacea. Patient selection is critical.
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PMID:Nonunion of the humerus. Clinical, roentgenographic, scintigraphic, and response characteristics to treatment with constant direct current stimulation of osteogenesis. 376 62

40 obese and 40 normal weight individuals were given a series of reaction time (RT) tasks in the presence or absence of a distracting 75-dB static noise under varying levels of task complexity. Both RT and movement time (MT) from a "home" button to a response button were recorded. There were no significant differences in RT between obese and normal subjects although a significant interaction between task complexity and subjects' weight showed that obese subjects had a faster mean RT on the 1-light task but slower RTs on the choice-discrimination tasks with 2, 4, or 8 lights. Obese subjects had a significantly faster mean MT at all levels of task complexity. The distracting stimulus had no differential effect on over-all RTs although an interaction of distraction X task complexity was obtained. The distractor significantly decreased MT for all subjects with no differential for the groups. The results are not in accordance with previous RT studies which supported the internality/externality hypothesis about obesity but rather support the view that obese subjects approach the experimental task with a differential level of motivation or response set.
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PMID:Effects of distraction and task complexity on reaction time in obese persons. 408 77

On the assumption that external responsiveness and environmental characteristics jointly determine whether a child will achieve an excessive weight gain, perpetuating and maintaining obesity, probability hierarchy was hypothesized and tested. Ss of the study were 24 obese and 24 average-weight, white boys, mean age 9 years, 5 months. An auditory distraction task and Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test were used to measure auditory and visual responsivity to external cues, respectively. Socioeconomic status was used as an indicator of the childhood environment. As predicted, the greatest percentages of obese children were observed in the lower-socioeconomic, external group, followed by the lower-socioeconomic, internal group and middle-socioeconomic, external group. The smallest percentage of obese children was observed in the middle-socioeconomic, internal group.
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PMID:Externality, environment, and obesity in children. 726 15

A total of 113 patients, excluding those with tumor, spondylitis, and idiopathic scoliosis, underwent anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) with autologous iliac crest graft between 1984 and 1991 at our department. The proportion of these who were failed back patients was higher than that reported in the literature. Evaluation of functional outcome was feasible in 80 patients, utilizing Oswestry and Marburg scores, which were closely intercorrelated. The overall results yielded an improvement in the Oswestry score of 35.7 percentage points. A subset of 52 patients who were evaluated twice, showed the same results at an average of 6.6 years as they did at 2.3 years following surgery. Functional results showed a weak correlation with postoperative height loss of the intervertebral space. Influencing factors for the functional result were: postoperative compensation claim, age, and obesity. Of the professional people involved, 19.4% did not return to any occupation. Patients satisfied with the result had significantly greater functional improvement. Younger patients with additional dorsal distraction prior to ALIF for reduction of severe spondylolisthesis fared better than patients with ALIF alone. The rate of complications was low and did not contribute to the postoperative functional result. On the basis of these results further prospective studies have been designed and are currently underway.
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PMID:Standardized evaluation of long-term results after anterior lumbar interbody fusion. 891 34

Diagnosis and therapy of obstructive sleep-related breathing disturbances SRBD in adults may not be applied without hesitation to children. SRBD in newborn and infants are often due to craniofacial disturbances (Pierre Robin syndrome, Goldenhars syndrome etc.), obesity is of minor importance. More than 30 infants with SRBD and craniofacial changes have been diagnosed and successfully treated over a 2-year period. Conservative therapy starts immediately after birth. The first step in newborn with Pierre Robin syndrome, for instance, is prone position for protrusion of tongue and mandible and mandibular growth stimulation. Intermediate nightly nasopharyngeal tubes are an alternative to nCPAP-/BiPAP treatment. Conventional orthopaedic/orthodontic treatment should not be neglected, even if it takes years to become effective. Surgical therapies are able to support, sometimes to replace or at least to shorten conservative methods. In rare cases when prone position in combination with palatal plates in cases of Robin syndrome, for instance, are not fully effective, mandibular extension is indicated. Aplasia or defects demand adequate surgical reconstruction, even if this does not necessarily mean abolishment of SRBD. In contrast to adults adenotonsillectomy is highly effective in infants and does not only reduce SRBD, but also improves nasal breathing and thus positively influences facial growth. A relatively new method is gradual mandibular distraction osteogenesis according to Ilizarov, which also enhances soft tissue growth. Maxillary and mandibular advancement osteotomies should not be considered before the termination of facial growth. Thanks to this refined treatment concept we were able to avoid tracheotomies in children during the past few years.
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PMID:[Obstructive sleep apnea in the child: an interdisciplinary treatment concept with special reference to craniofacial changes]. 956 88

The percentage of dietary energy from fat has been suggested to be an important determinant of body fat, and this presumed effect has been invoked to justify the general promotion of low-fat diets. Dietary fat and the prevalence of obesity are lower in poor countries than in affluent countries. However, these contrasts are seriously confounded by differences in physical activity and food availability; within areas of similar economic development, per capita intake of fat and the prevalence of obesity have not been positively correlated. Randomized trials are the preferable method for evaluating the effect of dietary fat on adiposity because they avoid problems of confounding that are difficult to control in other studies. In short-term trials, a small reduction in body weight is typically seen in individuals randomized to diets with a lower percentage of calories from fat. In a meta-analysis of these trials, it was estimated that a decrease in 10% of energy from fat would reduce weight by 16 g d-1, which would correspond to a 9-kg weight loss by 18 months. However, compensatory mechanisms appear to operate because in trials lasting one year or longer, fat consumption within the range of 18-40% of energy has consistently had little, if any, effect on body fatness. Moreover, within the United States (US), a substantial decline in the percentage of energy from fat during the last two decades has corresponded with a massive increase in obesity, and similar trends are occurring in other affluent countries. Diets high in fat do not account for the high prevalence of excess body fat in Western countries; reductions in the percentage of energy from fat will have no important benefits and could further exacerbate this problem. The emphasis on total fat reduction has been a serious distraction in efforts to control obesity and improve health in general.
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PMID:Dietary fat plays a major role in obesity: no. 1212 Apr 20

A chronic empyema of the ankle joint often develops after an open fracture or surgery. In the case of the destruction of the joint due to an infection, an arthrodesis should be performed. Normally we use an external fixator with two bone-nails placed into the calcaneus and two into the tibia. The arthrodesis is distracted and Septopal is permanently implemented. At 4-6 weeks after surgery the Septopal is removed, with distraction being reduced and a cancellous bone-graft taken from the dorsal iliac crest is performed to fill the bony defect. After bone healing, the external fixator is removed and the patient mobilized in a brace. Initially, weight-bearing is limited to 10 kg but is increased gradually to full weight. The brace is used for 6-9 months; later the patient is mobilized in orthopaedic shoes. In difficult cases, also in combination with a malposition which has to be corrected or a lengthening of the lower limb, we use the Ilizarov fixator. From 1993 to 2003 we performed arthrodeses of the ankle joint due to infectious destruction in 107 cases. In 82.2%, the empyema was caused by a fracture of the ankle joint and the following treatment. In 58% of the patients, we saw associated diseases such as obesity, alcohol abuse, diabetes and malposition of the foot. In 55% we found Staphylococcus aureus. In 86%, we used the external AO-fixator, in 14% the Ilizarov fixator. The patient retained the fixator for an average of 128 days. In our study, 92.1% of the 101 patients who had completed therapy showed a good stability an average of 4.5 years after the arthrodesis. In 5% we found partial stability, while three patients had to be amputated. In 57 patients (56.4), an arthrosis of the tarsal bones was found, and 38 patients (54.3%) of the 70 patients who at the time of the arthrodesis were still working could return to work.
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PMID:[Principles of OSG arthrodesis in cases of joint infection]. 1623 88

Children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) can manifest a continuum from simple snoring and upper airway resistance syndrome to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with secondary growth impairment, neurocognitive deficits, and less often cardiovascular sequelae. Most children who present with SDB are four to eight years old with variable clinical symptoms at different ages. In general, infants often present with noisy breathing and disturbed nocturnal sleep, toddlers and preschool-aged children with snoring and mouth breathing, and school-aged children with behavioral and dental problems. The pathogenesis of SDB in children remains incompletely understood. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the leading cause of OSA. Other risk factors include allergic rhinitis, craniofacial anomalies, cleft palate following pharyngeal flap surgery, neuromuscular diseases, laryngomalacia, and obesity. Polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard diagnostic tool. However, great variation exists in the interpretation of PSG and criteria for the definition of pediatric OSA, even though consensus statements have been used to standardize the scoring of summary indices for the disorders. Adenotonsillectomy is the cardinal treatment for pediatric SDB. Rapid maxillary expansion is a useful approach in upper jaw contraction. Distraction osteogenesis has become an acceptable procedure in the treatment of severe maxillomandibular deficiency. Continuous positive airway pressure has been successful in treating intractable or severe OSA in children with other underlying medical disorders and has modified the indications for tracheotomy in pediatric patients with craniofacial anomalies and OSA. Follow-up in children treated for OSA reveals that underlying structural or neuromuscular abnormalities can decrease the response to treatment and obesity may lead to recurrence of OSA later during adolescence.
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PMID:Sleep-disordered breathing in children. 1952 3

Two clinically distinct forms of Blount disease (early-onset and late-onset), based on whether the lower-limb deformity develops before or after the age of four years, have been described. Although the etiology of Blount disease may be multifactorial, the strong association with childhood obesity suggests a mechanical basis. A comprehensive analysis of multiplanar deformities in the lower extremity reveals tibial varus, procurvatum, and internal torsion along with limb shortening. Additionally, distal femoral varus is commonly noted in the late-onset form. When a patient has early-onset disease, a realignment tibial osteotomy before the age of four years decreases the risk of recurrent deformity. Gradual correction with distraction osteogenesis is an effective means of achieving an accurate multiplanar correction, especially in patients with late-onset disease.
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PMID:Blount disease. 1957 Nov 1


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