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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty asymptomatic men and 19 asymptomatic women were monitored during one night's sleep to determine the incidence of breathing abnormalities and oxygen desaturation in normal subjects. Twenty men accounted for 264 episodes of nocturnal oxygen desaturation or abnormal breathing. Women never experienced oxygen desaturation, and only three had a total of nine episodes of apnea. These sex differences were highly significant (P less than 0.003). In men, increasing age and obesity correlated positively with the incidence of nocturnal oxygen desaturation and abnormal breathing. Four asymptomatic men weighing more than 90 kg dropped their saturation to very low levels (68 to 72 per cent). Abnormal breathing and oxygen desaturation during sleep in subjects with chronic obstructive lung disease of the syndrome of hypersomnolence with periodic breathing may represent the superimposition of smoking or obesity on a normal tendency to snoring and oxygen desaturation in men.
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PMID:Sleep apnea, hypopnea and oxygen desaturation in normal subjects. A strong male predominance. 21 12

Reduction in the size of the pharynx and increased pharyngeal airflow resistance have been demonstrated in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We evaluated 15 men with severe OSA and 10 nonapneic control subjects matched for age and weight in order to determine if PCSA, inspiratory pharyngeal airflow resistance, and abnormal breathing events during sleep were associated with alterations in the flow-volume relationship and other awake PFTs. Pharyngeal cross-sectional area was determined by CT, and pharyngeal resistance between choanae and epiglottis was measured during quiet awake breathing. In patients with OSA, there was an inverse relationship between the mean cross-sectional area of the oropharynx and the ratio of FEF50%/FIF50% (rs = -0.54; p = 0.03). In all subjects, pharyngeal resistance was inversely related to percentage of predicted values for FEF25-75% (rs = -0.56; p = 0.01). The frequency of apneas during sleep was significantly (p less than 0.05) related to the percentage of predicted values for MVV, TLC, FVC, and PIF. Obesity appears to account for the strength of these relationships. Flow-volume loops and other PFTs did not distinguish patients with OSA from controls.
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PMID:Pulmonary function in obstructive sleep apnea. Relationships to pharyngeal resistance and cross-sectional area. 229 54

In a six-month period, 157 obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients seen consecutively in clinic had standardized cephalometric roentgenograms and underwent polygraphic monitoring during sleep. Different variables, including cephalometric landmarks, body mass index (BMI), and polygraphic results (particularly degree of O2 saturation and number of abnormal breathing events), were statistically analyzed. As a rule, OSAS patients had upper airway anatomic abnormalities and an elevated BMI: massive obesity was associated with less anatomic abnormality, less nocturnal sleep disruption, and longer total sleep time (TST). Patients having a high respiratory disturbance index (RDI) were more likely to have upper airway anatomic abnormalities; they slept for a shorter time and had increased stage 1 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep but decreased stage 3 and 4 and REM sleep. Long mandibular plane to hyoid bone (MP-H) distance and width of the posterior airway space (PAS) (space behind the base of the tongue) were statistically significant predictors of elevated RDI. The cephalometric variables were much less useful for predicting frequency of O2 saturation drops below 80 percent. The patient population can be subdivided into (a) patients with clear anatomic abnormalities and low BMI, (b) patients with morbid obesity with few abnormal cephalometric measurements, and (c) patients who have variably increased BMI and abnormal cephalometric measurements. This is the largest group. We concluded that standardized cephalometric roentgenograms can be useful in determining the appropriate treatment for OSAS patients.
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PMID:Obstructive sleep apnea and cephalometric roentgenograms. The role of anatomic upper airway abnormalities in the definition of abnormal breathing during sleep. 337 Oct 99

Fifty-two men (aged 41-50 years) of whom 25 reported habitual and 27 of occasional or never snoring were examined clinically. Whole-night sleep recordings of body and breathing movements, snoring and blood oxygen saturation were made. Hypoxic events exceeding 4% from the baseline were counted. Ninety-three percent of those classified snorers by the recordings were habitual or occasional snorers, but 50% of those similarly classified non-snorers had reported habitual or occasional snoring. Four habitual snorers had abnormal breathing indices and polysomnography established obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in one. Thus, self-reported habitual snoring is a reliable OSAS-screening method. Estimated prevalence of OSAS based on this study is 0.4-1.4%. In multivariate regression analysis, the hypoxic events were explained by obesity and apneic events. The diastolic blood pressure level was best explained by obesity, but not hypoxic or apneic events or snoring history.
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PMID:Periodic breathing and hypoxia in snorers and controls: validation of snoring history and association with blood pressure and obesity. 363 Jun 48

Four morbidly obese men who had been found to have significant sleep-disordered breathing and oxygen desaturation were restudied after an average weight loss of 108 kg (range 53-155 kg). In all subjects, weight loss was accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of episodes per hour of sleep-disordered breathing events. In three of the four subjects, there was improvment in the severity of desaturation accompanying abnormal breathing. The two subjects with daytime somnolence and hypercapnia prior to weight loss showed the most dramatic improvement in desaturation. This suggests that obesity is a cause, rather than an effect, of the sleep apnea syndrome.
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PMID:The effect of weight loss on sleep-disordered breathing and oxygen desaturation in morbidly obese men. 710 55

Improved case identification of children with upper airway obstruction during sleep should result if physicians are aware of such signs and symptoms as excessive daytime sleepiness, loud snoring, restless sleep, recurrent nocturnal enuresis, systemic and pulmonary hypertension, undergrowth or obesity, and cor pulmonale. Furthermore, partial airway obstruction during wakefulness may be a risk factor for the development of sleep apneas or hypopneas. In suspected cases, polysomnography is a useful method for confirming and quantitating the type (central, obstructive, or mixed) and extent of ventilatory disturbance during sleep and its functional significance (such as arterial oxyhemoglobin desaturation or cardiac arrhythmia). Other methods may be employed to yield similar data. There seem to be at least two groups of children reported in the literature, those in whom there is a specific surgically correctable lesion (such as adenotonsillar hypertrophy) versus those who eventually need tracheotomy because of collapse of upper airway musculature during sleep. In the latter group of children, it is necessary to hypothesize an additional defect in the CNS regulation of respiration during sleep. Further research is necessary to define the boundary between normal and abnormal breathing during sleep, and to understand more thoroughly the effects of intermittent hypoventilation on daytime functioning.
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PMID:Sleep disorders associated with upper airway obstruction in children. 731 58

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is characterized by abnormal breathing during sleep, and occurs when the upper airway is obstructed but respiratory effort continues. Causes of OSA include obesity, overindulgence in alcohol, and the use of sedatives. The patient complains of unrefreshed sleep, morning headaches and drowsiness, sometimes leading to depression and intellectual impairment. The treatment of choice is weight loss; however, the patient may also require mechanical nocturnal support to prevent the upper airway collapsing and causing OSA. A simple and effective non-surgical treatment for OSA is nasal continuous positive airway pressure.
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PMID:Management of obstructive sleep apnoea. 837 59

The obstructive apnea syndrome (OSA) is considered as a complex genetic disorder. Descriptive studies from several countries have consistently show familial aggregation of the apnea-hypopnea index and symptoms of OSA in both adults and children. Phenotypic markers of OSA have been identifies such as upper airway anomalies, abnormal breathing control, and obesity through which genes might act to increase susceptibility to OSA. The genetics of OSA may differ among racial groups. Two approaches have recently been used to investigate the genetics of OSA: a segregation analysis and a whole genome scan. Data suggested a common causal pathway regulating both OSA and obesity in Caucasian families.
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PMID:[Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and genetics]. 1464 9

Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS), a common disorder, is characterized by repetitive episodes of cessation of breathing during sleep, resulting in hypoxemia and sleep disruption. The consequences of the abnormal breathing during sleep include daytime sleepiness, neurocognitive dysfunction, development of cardiovascular disorders, metabolic dysfunction, and impaired quality of life. There are two types of SAS: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and central sleep apnea syndrome (CSAS). OSAS is a prevalent disorder in which there is snoring, repetitive apneic episodes, and daytime sleepiness. Anatomical conditions causing upper airway obstruction (obesity or craniofacial abnormalities such as retrognathia or micrognathia) can cause OSAS. CSAS, much less common than OSAS, is a disorder characterized by cessation of breathing which is caused by reduced respiratory drive from the central nervous system to the muscles of respiration. The latter condition is common in patients with heart failure and cerebral neurologic diseases. The diagnosis of SAS requires assessment of subjective symptoms and apneic episodes during sleep documented by polysomnography. Treatments of OSAS include continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), oral appliances, and surgery; patients with CSAS are treated with oxygen, adaptive servo-ventilation, or CPAP. With assessment and treatment of the SAS, patients usually have resolution of their disabling symptoms, subsequently resulting in improved quality of life.
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PMID:Sleep apnea: clinical investigations in humans. 1747 21

Characterised by abnormal breathing during sleep, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is strongly associated with obesity. Visceral obesity is a component of metabolic syndrome with insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. OSA may also represent an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, especially hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Abdominal adiposity is an important factor for the development of OSA and associated metabolic disorders. Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome can be made using usual markers like waist circumference, arterial pressure measurement, fasting blood glucose, fasting cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol. Those parameters should be systematically evaluated in case of OSA.
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PMID:[Which complementary studies and metabolic monitoring must be performed in OSAS? For which patients?]. 1978 52


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