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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have demonstrated how in psoriasis, irrespective of any diabetic family history, there exists a state of hyperinsulinism with a decreased resistance to insulin, which is aggravated by obesity. Since reviewing the latest studies concerning diabetes at the receptor level, we have carried out a comparative study dealing with insulin receptors in lymphocytes in homogeneous groups of normal, obese, and psoriatics of normal weight and overweight. We have also made a comparison regarding the behaviour of the receptors in these various metabolic states.
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PMID:Insulin receptors in psoriasis. 39 47

Preliminary, exploratory studies examine self-perceptions of the stigma of overweight in relatiopship to weight-losing patterns of female and male children of different ages. It is suggested that the concept of stigma may be a viable analytical tool in studying overweight as: an exclusive focus in interaction, related to a negative body image, overwhelming others with mixed emotions, clashing with other attributes of the person, an equivocal predictor of activities, and related to one's sense of responsibility for one's overweight. Female adolescents in the Slimnastics class in a high school and children and adolescents in an obesity clinic in a hospital were studied. Male children and female adolescents had more trouble losing weight than did female children and male adolescents. Youth who viewed overweight as both one's responsibility and as an illness that required the joint efforts of oneself and others, especially professional experts, were more successful in losing weight than those youth who believed that overweight was solely their responsibility or not at all their responsibility. Intensive focusing on one's overweight and one one's negative body image seemed to inhibit or deter weight losing for some youth.
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PMID:Self-perceptions of the stigma of overweight in relationship to weight-losing patterns. 42 Jan 37

The present study examined the amount of food chosen by moderately obese and nonobese customers in a university cafeteria as a function of whether they were about to eat alone or were explicitly accompanied by others during lunch. It was hypothesized that many overweight individuals are self-conscious about eating due to perceived social pressures, and that obese people would therefore choose less food (i.e., suppress intake) when eating with others than when alone. Food selections of a matched sample of overweight and nonobese individuals were recorded, and subjects were observed as they took a seat to determine if they ate alone or with others. Caloric values of foods chosen for each meal were computed. Results for the number of calories indicated that, as predicted, overweight subjects purchased less food when accompanied than when alone. Nonobese individuals, by contrast, chose more food when with others than when alone. In addition, males chose more food than females and obese subjects chose more than normals. Results were discussed in terms of the impact of social variables on eating behavior, and the theoretical importance of weight consciousness and pereceived social pressures in understanding correlates of obesity. Several alternative explanations were addressed.
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PMID:A naturalistic study of social influences on meal size among moderately obese and nonobese subjects. 43 59

Restudy of 306 "new immigrant Yemenite" Jews, an ethnic group in which, upon their arrival in Israel, no diabetes was detected, revealed, 25 yr after their immigration, an increased incidence of diabetes and higher plasma and lipoprotein-lipid levels. The prevalence of diabetes (defined as "glucose intolerance") rose to 11.8% (13.2% males and 9.7% females). Obesity in females resulted in increased prevalence of diabetes in all age groups, while in males it affected the older age group only. The male/female diabetic ratio was affected by weight status--in the underweight, diabetes was more prevalent in males, in the overweight, the rate of diabetes in females equaled that of males. In nondiabetics (those with normal glucose tolerance), neither the glucose tolerance nor the insulin response deteriorated with aging. Most diabetics had a delayed insulin response. However, about 50% of nondiabetics and diabetics had insulin response peak at 60 min and similar insulin levels. It appears that in newly discovered adult-onset diabetics in this population there is no shortage of insulin, but rather shortage of insulin action. In nondiabetics, the levels of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) were higher than levels upon their arrival. In diabetics, the plasma TG, cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels were higher when compared to those of nondiabetics, especially in the group of overweight males. Hyperlipoproteinemia was diagnosed in 27.7% of diabetics and 11.0% of nondiabetics. In diabetics, the HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio was found to be reduced, significantly so in overweight diabetics.
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PMID:Diabetes, blood lipids, lipoproteins, and change of environment: restudy of the "new immigrant Yemenites" in Israel. 44 7

A study was made of 20 patients with "resistant" obesity selected from a series of about 4000 observed between 1970 and 1976 in an assessment of the possible existence of features distinguishing such patients from those who respond to treatment and display a satisfactory decrease in weight. The group was marked by a higher incidence of familial obesity, earlier onset of overweight, and certain personality features (evaluated by psychometric tests). Their blood sugar and insulin curves, blood cholesterol and uric acid, adipose tissue cellularity, and blood pressure (LHAP) were similar to those in the general series. Whereas their blood triglyceride values were normal, however, those in the general series were up by 21%. It is therefore felt that the clinical tests used at present do not enable the "resistant" obese subject to be distinguished. "Resistant" obesity may well constitute a distinct nosological entity, but one that is only identifiable via the patient's response to treatment.
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PMID:["Resistent" obesity. Clinical and metabolic aspects, cellularity of the adipose tissue and personality factors]. 45 Feb 94

A central component of a commonly used weight-loss procedure developed by Stuart (1967), which emphasizes situational engineering (SE), was compared to eating behavior control (EBC), a treatment employing reinforcement of changes in eating habits. A third treatment encouraged development of individuals' own applications of a model of self-control and attempted to provide effective feedback regarding progress toward weight-loss goals. This self-initiated treatment (SI) was designed to be less directive than many behavioral treatment packages and to be more realistic about the expectations of subjects and the actual eating habits of overweight and normalweight people. Following baseline, treatment lasted six weeks and followup lasted 16 weeks. While all treatments produced weight losses, EBC surpassed SE during treatment. SI losses during treatment did not differ from SE or EBC, but SI was the only group that lost weight throughout followup, indicating the possible utility of more subtle, less directive interventions than those that have often been associated with behavioral approaches. The results of SE question the applicability to clinical procedures of the external cue hypersensitivity theory of obesity (Schachter and Rodin, 1974), to which SE is closely related.
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PMID:Comparison of established and innovative weight-reduction treatment procedures. 46 46

Aspects of adipose tissue cellularity were examined in 15 non-diabetic premenopausal African women with simple obesity living in Johannesburg. A smaller group of six non-obese Black women served as controls. Adipose tissue was obtained by biopsy from the deltoid, gluteal, and abdominal regions, and the mean fat cell size for each site was determined. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and lipid levels, and the glucose and insulin responses to a 100 g oral glucose load, in these subjects provided metabolic data for correlative analyses. As expected, the overall mean and regional adipocyte sizes were significantly larger in the overweight subjects. Significant regional variations in fat cell size were also seen, the gluteal region adipocytes being larger than those of other sites in both obese and non-obese women. A significant positive correlation was found between fat cell size and the percentage of ideal body weight. There was no significant relationship between adipocyte size, however, and any of the metabolic variables measured--notably basal or stimulated plasma insulin. Nearly half of the overweight women showed large adipocytes with normal plasma insulin concentrations. A proportion of African women with hypertrophic obesity do not appear to demonstrate any classical metabolic features of insulin resistance; this may be related partly to their high carbohydrate intake and unusual degree of physical activity. Our results do not, however, indicate that hyperinsulinaemia is completely absent in obese Black women.
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PMID:Adipose cell size in obese Africans: evidence against the existence of insulin resistance in some patients. 46 4

The prevalence of obesity and underweight was estimated for residents of Missouri more than 9 years old on the basis of age, sex, household income, educational attainment, and population density from the results of a survey conducted in 1973. The incidence of overweight was greatest among children 10 to 16 years old and the least for adults 17 to 35 years old. Four percent of the girls 10 to 16 were greater than 159% of average weight for height. Among women greater than 59 years old the incidence of overweight and underweight were high. The proportion of adult women who were overweight as defined by average weight for height and body mass index (W/H2) was inversely related to household income and education. The same was true for adult men in relation to income but the reverse results were observed for education. A larger proportion of urban men were overweight as defined by body mass index compared to rural men. The incidence of obesity among males of all ages and females greater than 59 years old appeared to be related to residence in specific types of communities.
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PMID:The association of obesity with socioeconomic factors in Missouri. 48 30

With a multifactorial pathogenetic model (heredity versus environment, central nervous control, energy balance, morphology of the fat tissue), an attempt was made by this study to assess the relative importance of the various factors to the origin of overweight and obesity in school children. From an original sample of 972 children followed longitudinally from the ages of 7 to 16 years, and with retrospective weight data from the first year of life, 550 were selected for this study at age 10. Information concerning the children's habits (physical activity and appetite), social conditions, and parental heights and weights were obtained from the parents by questionnaire (response rate 94%). The major results of a multiple regression analysis were: (1) clear-cut sex differences; heredity and physical inactivity having the greatest explanatory power for both overweight and obesity at 10 years in girls, whereas appetite and environmental conditions were more prominent predictors in boys; (2) an analysis of the main predictors of the variable "change in relative weight between 7 and 10 years"--a variable with possible implications for preventive school programs--indicated that markedly inactive only children from lower class families are particularly at risk of developing obesity during the first years at school; and (3) in the absence of all the risk factors considered in this study, obesity does not occur; at the other extreme, even a high risk score still implies a 50% chance of escaping the fate of obesity.
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PMID:Obesity in 10-year-olds: an epidemiologic study. 49 29

Historical data from 26 638 20-to 40-year women were used to study the association between obesity and menstrual abnormalities including evidence of infertility. It was found that women with evidence of anovulatory cycles, ie, irregular cycles greater than 36 days, and hirsutism, were more than 30 lb (13.6 kg) heavier than women with no menstrual abnormalities after adjusting for height and age. The percentage of women with evidence of anovulatory cycles was 2.6 per cent for women less than 20 per cent overweight, 4.0 per cent for women 20-49 per cent overweight, 5.8 per cent for women 50-74 per cent overweight., and 8.4 per cent for women more than 74 per cent overweight Women with a single menstrual abnormality including cycles greater than 36 days, irregular cycles, virile hair growth with facial hair, or heavy flow were also significantly heavier than women with normal values for these factors. A longer duration of obesity was associated with facial hair. Another analysis found that teenage obesity was greater for never-pregnant married women than for previously pregnant married women and for women having ovarian surgery for polycystic ovaries than for women having ovarian surgery for other reasons. This also supports an association of obesity with anovulatory cycles. These findings showing evidence of abnormal ovulation, menstrual abnormalities and excess hair growth in obese women may be explained by the recent studies of others demonstrating an association between obesity and hormonal imbalances.
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PMID:The association of obesity with infertility and related menstural abnormalities in women. 52 19


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