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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of varying levels of exercise on oxygen uptake, CO2 production, blood pressure, arterial blood gasses, and arterial concentrations of glucose, insulin, and growth hormone were examined in ten normal weight and ten moderately overweight young men. At comparable external work loads with a bicycle ergometer, the lean men required less oxygen than the obese men. When oxygen uptakes were matched during exercise on a treadmill, the lean men were walking on a steeper grade or at a higher rate than the obese men. The efficiency of exercise as assessed by the relation between oxygen uptake and work did not differ between the two groups. Blood pressure rose more in the obese during exercise than in the lean. The fall in lactate and rise in bicarbonate was of greater magnitude during cycle ergometry than during treadmill exercise. Obese and lean men, however, showed similar changes. With each level of exercise, there was a fall in arterial insulin levels, but the concentrations in the blood of overweight men always remained significantly above that of the normal men. Growth hormones tended to be higher in the normal weight men, but the differences were usually not significant, and there was no significant rise with exercise in either group until the highest levels of work were achieved. Glucose concentrations tended to be higher in the obese men, but fell to constant levels in both groups during exercise. Blood pressure rose to a greater extent in the overweight men during exercise.
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PMID:Some respiratory and metabolic effects of exercise in moderately obese men. 1 81

Examination of the fibrinolytic system of 221 diabetics with varying grades of under- and overweight revealed not only an elevated fibrinogen level and a significantly decreases spontaneous and stimulated fibrinolytic activity in obesity, but also a highly significantly decreased activity of plasminogen activator of the vessel walls in these patients. Similar, but less marked, changes were found in obese non-diabetics. Thes changes imply a decreased ability to remove fibrin deposits within the lumina of small and large vessels and thus an increased risk of thrombosis, and they may be closely related to the high frequency of late complications in diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Effect of obesity on endogenous fibrinolytic activity in diabetes mellitus. 5 14

(1). Assessment of thyroidal and other indices in 275 instances of obesity with body weight excesses up to 200 percent or more of the ideal revealed absent thyroidal I131 uptake responses to TSH in about one out of five patients. Moreover, basal thyroidal I131 uptake of 10 percent or less, prolongation of ankle reflex time, or high levels of serum cholesterol were present in a minority. Also, occasional instances of unduly elevated serum TSH titers were found. Some of the indices deviated from normal more often with the greater excesses of body weight or with increased age. (2). These findings are consonant with a hypothesis that routine thyroidal or related indices are sporadically abnormal in massive obesity almost always without overt hypothyroidism or myxedema, that total unresponsiveness to exogenous TSH is surprisingly frequent, and that such unresponsiveness represents an unexplained endocrine anomaly in association with gross overweight. (3). Our data suggest that some obese persons are not able to respond to exogenous TSH, nor, presumably, to increases of endogenous TSH. This could result in an economy of caloric expenditure and play a contributory role in the genesis or the perpetuation of the obesity.
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PMID:Unresponsiveness to exogenous TSH in obesity. 8 48

Tests of thyroid function in 493 obese patients were compared with thyroid function in 3076 non-obese patients. No differences in 131I uptake by the thyroid were observed at 6 h or 24 h; the frequency distribution was gaussian or normal in both populations; the frequencies of normal, high or low T3 and T4 values in the two populations were likewise comparable. Further, no correlation was found in the obese subjects between 131I uptake (6 h and 24 h), T3, T4 and overweight; on the other hand, there was a significant negative correlation between 131I uptake (6 h and 24 h) and age. It would appear that thyroid function is normal in obesity.
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PMID:Thyroid and obesity: survey of some function tests in a large obese population. 8 49

The epidemiology of inguinal hernia was investigated in a community survey in a neighbourhood of western Jerusalem in 1969-71. The current prevalence rate, excluding operated hernias, was 18 per 100 men aged 25 and over, and the lifetime prevalence, including operated hernias, was 24 per 100. Prevalence rose markedly with age; the lifetime prevalence rate reached 40 per 100 men at the ages of 65-74 and 47 per 100 at 75 and over. The prevalence of hernia was significantly higher in the presence of varicose veins, in men who reported symptoms of prostatic hypertrophy, and, among lean men only, in the presence of haemorrhoids. These associations may reflect the role of increased abdominal pressure. The prevalence of hernia was low in the presence of overweight or adiposity, suggesting that obesity is a protective factor. No significant age-independent associations were found with chronic cough, constipation, physical activity at work, or a number of other variables. Two-thirds of the hernias had not been operated upon. The prevalence of unrepaired hernias rose with age; 13% of all men aged 65-74 and 23% of those aged 75 and over had unoperated groin swellings. One in every five operated hernias showed evidence of recurrence. No significant age-independent associations were found between evidence of occurrence and other characteristics. A comparison of interview responses and examination findings showed that interview data on the presence of hernias were of low validity, mainly because of under-reporting.
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PMID:The epidemiology of inguinal hernia. A survey in western Jerusalem. 9 77

[4-14C]-Dehydroepiandrosterone and [7 alpha-3H]-Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate were injected simultaneously to normal and obese female subjects. The percentage recovery of 14C and 3H radioactivies in dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, androsterone sulphate, etiocholanolone sulphate, androsterone glucuronoside and etiocholanolone glucuronoside was determined in the day-to-day urine collections for 72 hr. Results showed a normal total 3H recovery and a poor 14C recovery in urinary conjugates of obese patients. The rate of appearance of 3H activity was not identical in the individual metabolites of normal subjects, and it was not normal in obesity. Overweight subjects exhibited an acceleration in [7 alpha-3H]-Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate metabolism to androsterone glucuronoside. The observation regarding the rate of appearance of urinary conjugates bearing 14C isotope correlate with our previous finding in which a glandular overproduction of free dehydroepiandrosterone was found and an uptake of this steroid by the adipose tissue was suggested. Our results showed that the poor recovery of 14C radioactivity in urine of obese female subjects was not an aspecific consequence of illness.
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PMID:Dynamic appearance of [4-14C] dehydroepiandrosterone and [7 alpha-3H] dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate metabolites in urine of normal and obese female subjects. 13 96

Unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone has been isolated from human abdominal adipose tissue and identified by double isotope derivatization and recrystallization to constant isotope ratio. Gas chromatography with electron capture detection revealed an actual dehydroepiandrosterone concentration between 0.32 to 2.82 mug/g in adipose tissue of normal and overweight subjects. The approximate dehydroepiandrosterone content of the total adipose tissue mass varied between 30 and 173 mg in subjects with severe obesity.
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PMID:Dehydroepiandrosterone concentration in adipose tissue of normal and overweight subjects. 13 17

The common obesity of middle age presents a set of features that strongly resembles the cardinal symptoms of Cushing's syndrome: obesity of the face (moon face), upper back (buffalo hump) and trunk (pot belly) accompanied by signs of protein-wasting. In non-obese individuals who remain at a constant weight throughout life, the proportion of adipose tissue increases with age at the expense of lean tissue loss. Thus, a mild version of Cushing's syndrome may be part of the normal aging process. A more intense version of this process may occur in overweight adults. Excess and chronic activity of two pituitary hormones may contribute to this adiposity. Both hormones are produced in the same pituitary cell by cleavage from a common large precursor known as pro-opiocortin. One hormone is adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH), which stimulates the release of the glucocorticoid hormones. These hormones promote the conversion of bodily proteins to glucose (gluconeogenesis). The other pituitary hormone is beta-endorphin, a stimulant of appetite that causes the release of insulin. This pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glucose and fatty acids to triglycerides (lipogenesis). Three different etiologies are suggested for the excessive and chronic action of these two pituitary hormones: tumors that increase the number of cells that synthesize pro-opiocortin; mutant strains that produce excessive amounts of ACTH and beta-endorphin such as the genetically obese mouse (ob/ob) and rat (fa/fa); and an age-determined shift in the type of cleavage enzymes present in the pro-opiocortin cell that favors ACTH and beta-endorphin production.
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PMID:The obesity of middle age: a common variety of Cushing's syndrome due to a chronic increase in adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) and beta-endorphin activity. 22 74

This paper discusses the importance of studying physical growth patterns in children and presents the results of a survey of height and weight measurements collected on 1,953 children ages 5--11 from 12 schools in a city in the southeastern United States. Approximately 40% of the sample children had height/weight disproportion. Twenty-seven percent of the sample children weighed more than normal for their height. Physical and psychological consequences of childhood obesity are discussed as a basis for intervention with children. The investigators believe that the problems of elevated weight in childhood merits a great deal more study so that groups at risk can be predicted and more effective treatment programs developed. For persons who are overweight, control of weight requires a change in behavior which is essentially an educational process; therefore, it would appear appropriate to have such programs placed within the school setting.
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PMID:Height/weight disproportion in elementary school children. 25 94

An increasing incidence of endometrial cancer caused by a higher life expectancy and a number of other facters (i.e. obesity, diabetes, hypertension, lower pregnancy rate) as well as the unfavorable location for early detection when compared with cervical cancer has initiated this review in order to single out women with increased risk. Clinical characteristics of patients with endometrial cancer represented by age, menstrual disorders, reduced fertility, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hirsutism, hyperplasia of the ovarian stroma or hilus cells in connection with an increased oestrogen effect in the vaginal smear and proliferative changes of the endometrium can be explained by extraglandular respectively peripheral aromatization of androgens to oestrogens, particular by the conversion of androstenedione to oestrone. This is supported by an increased plasma oestrone/oestradiol-ratio and increased conversion rate with age and overweight. In vivo- and in vitro-investigations have demonstrated the participation of adipose tissue in peripheral oestrogene production. The compiled data point towards the importance of the extraglandular oestrone production for the etiology of endometrial cancer by effecting the endometrium over a long period of time. The counter action of the normally cyclic changes of oestradiol and progesterone is lacking. Therefore, a dysoestrogenic effect of oestrone upon the endometrium can be fully effective, depending on the hormone receptor content of the respective endometrium. Based upon these data including recent publications, pre- and postmenopausal oestrogen therapy has to be critically reevaluated.
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PMID:[Endometrial cancer and extraglandular oestrogen biosynthesis (author's transl)]. 32 98


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