Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Insulin binding to monocytes was assessed before and after plasma insulin suppression by diazoxide in 14 obesity-related diabetic subjects. Four of the five patients with mild carbohydrate intolerance (FBS less than 150 mg%) and hyperinsulinism exhibited low monocyte insulin binding. Despite an increase in insulin binding after 7 days of diazoxide therapy, no improvement in carbohydrate tolerance could be demonstrated. Lack of improvement may have been related to persistent diazoxide effect. An additional group of 4 patients with low plasma insulin values and more severe carbohydrate intolerance (FBS greater than 150 mg%) had high monocyte insulin binding. This group, as well as a group of patients with intermediate insulin responses, tolerated diazoxide poorly and developed moderate ketonuria or severe hyperglycemia (plasma glucose greater than 350 mg%) necessitating discontinuation of the drug after 3-6 days. The studies in these patients suggest that obesity-related diabetes may be characterized early by mild elevation of plasma glucose, hyperinsulinism and impaired monocyte insulin binding. As beta cell exhaustion occurs, more severe hyperglycemia intervenes and insulin binding to monocytes increases.
 ...
PMID:Role of insulin receptors in obesity-related diabetes. 675 56

We examined whether the association of regional fat distribution with stress, defined in terms of vital exhaustion, and depression varies according to the total amount of body fat accumulation in healthy middle-aged men (n = 64). Regional fat distribution was measured using the waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR), and the total amount of body fat accumulation was measured using the body mass index (BMI). The results indicate that WHR in lean men was associated with characteristics contrary to those in moderately obese men. In lean men WHR tended to be associated with a high level of stress, while in moderately obese men an association was found with a low level of stress and a low level of depressive symptomatology. The present results support the suggestion that there is a difference between abdominal obesity at different degrees of generalized obesity, and they are likely to further our understanding about the differing risk for cardiovascular disorders posed by abdominal obesity in lean men compared to abdominal obesity in moderately obese men.
 ...
PMID:Association of stress and depression with regional fat distribution in healthy middle-aged men. 773 33

The association between psychological coronary risk factors and serum insulin, and C-peptide and blood glucose concentrations, [the latter measured while fasting and during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)], was examined in healthy middle-aged men (n = 64). The results indicate that among the evaluated psychological risk factors, high levels of hostile paranoia and vital exhaustion were most consistently associated with an enhanced insulin/glucose ratio, and enhanced insulin, C-peptide and glucose responses during OGTT. The associations persisted after controlling for age, smoking, alcohol consumption and visceral fat distribution. Thus, in addition to age, life-style factors and obesity, psychological factors may have an effect on insulin and glucose metabolism.
 ...
PMID:The role of psychological coronary risk factors in insulin and glucose metabolism. 787 25

Diabetes is more common in Aborigines than in other Australian populations, even in groups that have lived in contact with Europids for 150 years. Prevalence data on hyperinsulinaemia and obesity from urbanized south eastern Australian Aborigines are presented with Europid comparisons. Aborigines had higher mean insulin levels than Europids. In females, mean fasting insulin was 15.5 mU/l in Aborigines, compared with 9.5 mU/l in Europids (P < 0.001). The means for males were 15.1 mU/l (Aborigines) and 8.3 (Europids) (P < 0.005). Obesity was more prevalent in Aborigines. In Aboriginal females aged 25-64 years, 41/108 (38%) had BMI > 30.0, compared with 37/208 (18%) Europids (P < 0.001). In males, the difference in the prevalence of obesity in Aborigines (17/69, 25%) and Europids (34/195, 17%) was not statistically significant. Waist-hip ratio was significantly greater among Aboriginal females (mean 0.87 in persons aged 25-64 years) than among Europids (mean 0.81, P < 0.001). In males, the mean ratio in Aborigines and Europids was the same (0.94). Abdominal obesity was most prevalent among Aboriginal females. For females aged 20-49 years, 83/110 (75%) Aborigines had a waist-hip ratio > 0.80, compared with 71/165 (43%) Europids (P < 0.001). Being overweight or obese is perceived with least accuracy by Aboriginal males of the four ethnicity/gender groups. Comparisons with national data suggest a gradient in the prevalence of obesity, lowest in urban groups, more in the country, and higher still among Aborigines, which is in reciprocal order to socio-economic status. In multivariate analyses, the association of BMI with insulin was highly significant. Hyperinsulinaemia in an Aboriginal group after many years of contact with Europids may result from environmental as well as genetic influences. Relative hyperinsulinaemia is not found among those Aborigines who have developed glucose intolerance, which could be explained by earlier pancreatic exhaustion in this group.
 ...
PMID:Hyperinsulinaemia and obesity in aborigines of south-eastern Australia, with comparisons from rural and urban Europid populations. 837 69

This study was undertaken to examine whether there are psychological factors that can incline an individual toward coronary heart disease and that can in turn identify a pattern of pituitary and adrenocortical responses that is associated with the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (IRS). The study was performed with 69 normotensive and 21 unmedicated borderline hypertensive men (age range, 30 to 55 years). Type A behavior, hostility (defined as cynicism, pessimism, and paranoia), vital exhaustion, and anger expressions were the behavioral variables studied. Among these, only the vital exhaustion-anger-out factor identified the neuroendocrine pattern that predicted the IRS. This neuroendocrine pattern consisted primarily of an adrenal responsiveness to ACTH and secondarily of a high mean basal cortisol-to-mean basal ACTH ratio. The contribution of this last variable was, however, slightly questionable. Instead of the traditional coronary-prone factors, ie, type A behavior and hostility, the findings emphasize the significance of vital exhaustion and emotional distress. The findings have been discussed in terms of defeat reaction, hypocortisolemia, and visceral obesity.
 ...
PMID:Vital exhaustion, anger expression, and pituitary and adrenocortical hormones. Implications for the insulin resistance syndrome. 862 Mar 43

The effect of chronic stress on tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) antigens was studied in 69 healthy middle-aged men. Chronic stress, defined as feelings of fatigue, lack of energy, increased irritability, and demoralization, was positively associated with plasma concentrations of PAI-1 antigen but was unrelated to TPA. The association remained unaltered after controlling for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity but became nonsignificant after further controlling for abdominal obesity, BMI, and serum insulin and triglyceride levels. This attenuated association implies that the relationship between vital exhaustion and PAI-1 may be secondary to the effects of the metabolic variables. Thus, the present study shows that long-term stress affects the fibrinolytic system and suggests that obesity and insulin and triglyceride concentrations, which are closely correlated with the fibrinolytic parameters, may mediate the association. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that chronic stress causes increased synthesis of PAI-1, thus promoting the risk for atherothrombotic disease by decreasing the likelihood of spontaneous fibrinolysis and increasing the likelihood of fibrin deposition.
 ...
PMID:Association of chronic stress with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in healthy middle-aged men. 863 Jun 60

Longitudinal changes in serum insulin concentrations in relation to the natural history of glucose intolerance and factors associated with the incidence of NIDDM were studied in 838 nondiabetic Micronesian Nauruans over the 5.1-year period from 1982 to 1987. In 13 individuals who had data at three time-points and who developed NIDDM only at the final test, 2-h insulin levels followed an inverted V-shaped pattern as glucose tolerance declined to NIDDM. Subjects who were normal (n = 651) or had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (n = 187) at the 1982 baseline survey were divided into six natural history categories depending on glucose tolerance in 1987. Changes in glucose tolerance were accompanied by changes in mean 2-h insulin concentration that paralleled the inverted V pattern seen in the 13 individuals. Longitudinal changes in fasting insulin were less consistent, but mean levels increased as subjects developed NIDDM. The 5.1-year incidence of NIDDM was strongly related to baseline fasting and 2-h glucose concentrations, but associations with insulin levels were weak and inconsistent. Neither fasting nor 2-h insulin concentrations contributed to logistic regression models predicting deterioration in glucose tolerance, whereas fasting and 2-h glucose levels were included in all models and BMI also predicted deterioration from normal. These data showing sequential changes in insulin concentrations support the beta-cell exhaustion theory of NIDDM pathogenesis. However, in contrast to glucose concentrations and obesity, insulin levels are poor predictors of NIDDM risk in Nauruans. This reflects the complexity of interactions with other metabolic markers and the inability of a single examination to characterize the point along the inverted V curve of insulin secretion that an individual has reached.
 ...
PMID:Insulin levels and the natural history of glucose intolerance in Nauruans. 882 73

A series of untrained, healthy, obese women (body mass index 32.5 +/- 0.9 kg.m-2) were subjected to a protocol of intense exercise on a cycloergometer and compared with lean controls (body mass index 20. 9 +/- 0.5 kg.m-2). Physiological parameters, blood lactate, bicarbonate, plasma metabolites, oxygen consumption and CO2 production were measured. Impedance-derived extracellular water and plasma changes in lactate and bicarbonate were used to determine changes in bicarbonate pools and lactate-displaced CO2. From these and respiratory gases, the respiratory quotient was calculated and thence overall fuel consumption. Anaerobic energy during exercise accounted for about 1.8% of all energy consumed in the lean but only 0.7% in the obese. Obese women fatigued at lower workloads and energy expenditure levels than did the lean, and their lactate buildup was similar when compared on the basis of fat-free mass. The data support the postulation of fatigue being triggered by a combination of factors: stretched cardiovascular work would be the main factor for obese women, in part limiting lactate production. For lean women, the triggering factor for fatigue could be the loss of buffering capacity; but it is the combination of stretching cardiovascular capacity, exhaustion of glycogen and available glucose and increase in lactate/loss of bicarbonate buffer that determines the onset of fatigue.
 ...
PMID:During intense exercise, obese women rely more than lean women on aerobic energy. 944 96

Work capacity and cardiopulmonary performance were studied in a group of 11 young obese subjects (BMI 39.9 kg/m2) and a group of 10 young normal subjects (BMI 22 kg/m2). First of all they underwent an incremental cycle ergometer test up to exhaustion. Subsequently, every subject of the two groups performed a constant work rate test at different work loads to estimate cardiac output (Q) below anaerobic threshold (AT) by a 20-second CO2 rebreathing method. Obese subjects had a significantly lower AT (79 vs. 109 W). The ratio between oxygen uptake and heart rate (VO2/HR) (O2 pulse) was higher in the obese group; nevertheless, this variable became significantly lower if we took into consideration the ratio between O2 pulse and kilogram fat-free body mass or kilogram body weight. Both these observations suggest that their reduced work tolerance is linked with a reduced oxygen supply to the muscles in activity. Q increased in similar ways in obese and normal subjects at the preset work rates. The ratio Q/body surface (cardiac index; CI) that we considered in order to try to minimize the differences in body sizes between the two groups, increased less in response to increasing work rates in our obese subjects than in normal subjects. As a whole, these data appear to be in line with a relatively less efficient cardiac performance during progressive work rates in obese subjects.
 ...
PMID:Oxygen uptake and cardiac performance in obese and normal subjects during exercise. 997 87

The involvement of cellular immunity in the burnout syndrome remains to be elucidated. We assessed three components of burnout of the Maslach Burnout Inventory: emotional exhaustion; depersonalization (DP); and personal accomplishment, as well as natural killer cell activity (NKCA) and NK cell subsets in 42 male workers. Workers with a higher DP score showed a lower NKCA and a lower proportionality of CD57+CD16+ to total lymphocytes. There were no differences in any of the health behaviors (e.g., smoking, alcohol, or obesity) between workers showing higher burnout and those showing lower burnout. A stepwise multiple regressions analysis demonstrated that NKCA was closely correlated with DP, independent of other variables, including a stress index. These results suggest that the relationship between reduced cellular immunity and DP is not due to traditional work stress or health behavioral problems. Further studies on DP as a psychosomatic disorder as well as an occupational health problem should be performed in the future.
 ...
PMID:Natural killer (NK) cell activity and NK cell subsets in workers with a tendency of burnout. 1045 73


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>