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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
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Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) devices are used during sleep to treat patients with diurnal chronic alveolar hypoventilation (CAH). Bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP) using a mask interface is the most commonly used method to provide ventilatory support in these patients. BPAP devices deliver separately adjustable inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) and expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP). The IPAP and EPAP levels are adjusted to maintain upper airway patency, and the pressure support (PS = IPAP-EPAP) augments ventilation. NPPV devices can be used in the spontaneous mode (the patient cycles the device from EPAP to IPAP), the spontaneous timed (ST) mode (a backup rate is available to deliver IPAP for the set inspiratory time if the patient does not trigger an IPAP/EPAP cycle within a set time window), and the timed (T) mode (inspiratory time and respiratory rate are fxed). During NPPV titration with polysomnography (PSG), the pressure settings, backup rate, and inspiratory time (if applicable) are adjusted to maintain upper airway patency and support ventilation. However, there are no widely available guidelines for the titration of NPPV in the sleep center. A NPPV Titration Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine reviewed the available literature and developed recommendations based on consensus and published evidence when available. The major recommendations derived by this consensus process are as follows: General Recommendations: 1. The indications, goals of treatment, and side effects of NPPV treatment should be discussed in detail with the patient prior to the NPPV titration study. 2. Careful mask fitting and a period of acclimatization to low pressure prior to the titration should be included as part of the NPPV protocol. 3. NPPV titration with PSG is the recommended method to determine an effective level of nocturnal ventilatory support in patients with CAH. In circumstances in which NPPV treatment is initiated and adjusted empirically in the outpatient setting based on clinical judgment, a PSG should be utilized if possible to confirm that the final NPPV settings are effective or to make adjustments as necessary. 4. NPPV treatment goals should be individualized but typically include prevention of worsening of hypoventilation during sleep, improvement in sleep quality, relief of nocturnal dyspnea, and providing respiratory muscle rest. 5. When OSA coexists with CAH, pressure settings for treatment of OSA may be determined during attended NPPV titration PSG following AASM Clinical Guidelines for the Manual Titration of Positive Airway Pressure in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. 6. Attended NPPV titration with PSG is the recommended method to identify optimal treatment pressure settings for patients with the obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS), CAH due to restrictive chest wall disease (RTCD), and acquired or central CAH syndromes in whom NPPV treatment is indicated. 7. Attended NPPV titration with PSG allows definitive identification of an adequate level of ventilatory support for patients with neuromuscular disease (NMD) in whom NPPV treatment is planned. Recommendations for NPPV Titration Equipment: 1. The NPPV device used for titration should have the capability of operating in the spontaneous, spontaneous timed, and timed mode. 2. The airflow, tidal volume, leak, and delivered pressure signals from the NPPV device should be monitored and recorded if possible. The airflow signal should be used to detect apnea and hypopnea, while the tidal volume signal and respiratory rate are used to assess ventilation. 3. Transcutaneous or end-tidal PCO2 may be used to adjust NPPV settings if adequately calibrated and ideally validated with arterial blood gas testing. 4. An adequate assortment of masks (nasal, oral, and oronasal) in both adult and pediatric sizes (if children are being titrated), a source of supplemental oxygen, and heated humidification should be available. Recommendations for Limits of IPAP, EPAP, and PS Settings: 1. The recommended minimum starting IPAP and EPAP should be 8 cm H2O and 4 cm H2O, respectively. 2. The recommended maximum IPAP should be 30 cm H2O for patients > or = 12 years and 20 cm H2O for patients < 12 years. 3. The recommended minimum and maximum levels of PS are 4 cm H2O and 20 cm H2O, respectively. 4. The minimum and maximum incremental changes in PS should be 1 and 2 cm H2O, respectively. Recommendations for Adjustment of IPAP, EPAP, and PS: 1. IPAP and/or EPAP should be increased as described in AASM Clinical Guidelines for the Manual Titration of Positive Airway Pressure in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea until the following obstructive respiratory events are eliminated (no specific order): apneas, hypopneas, respiratory effort-related arousals, and snoring. 2. The pressure support (PS) should be increased every 5 minutes if the tidal volume is low (< 6 to 8 mL/kg) 3. The PS should be increased if the arterial PCO2 remains 10 mm Hg or more above the PCO, goal at the current settings for 10 minutes or more. An acceptable goal for PCO, is a value less than or equal to the awake PCO2. 4. The PS may be increased if respiratory muscle rest has not been achieved by NPPV treatment at the current settings for 10 minutes of more. 5. The PS may be increased if the SpO, remains below 90% for 5 minutes or more and tidal volume is low (< 6 to 8 mL/kg). Recommendations for Use and Adjustment of the Backup Rate/ Respiratory Rate: 1. A backup rate (i.e., ST mode) should be used in all patients with central hypoventilation, those with a significant number of central apneas or an inappropriately low respiratory rate, and those who unreliably trigger IPAP/EPAP cycles due to muscle weakness. 2. The ST mode may be used if adequate ventilation or adequate respiratory muscle rest is not achieved with the maximum (or maximum tolerated) PS in the spontaneous mode. 3. The starting backup rate should be equal to or slightly less than the spontaneous sleeping respiratory rate (minimum of 10 bpm). 4. The backup rate should be increased in 1 to 2 bpm increments every 10 minutes if the desired goal of the backup rate has not been attained. 5. The IPAP time (inspiratory time) should be set based on the respiratory rate to provide an inspiratory time (IPAP time) between 30% and 40% of the cycle time (60/respiratory rate in breaths per minute). 6. If the spontaneous timed mode is not successful at meeting titration goals then the timed mode can be tried. Recommendations Concerning Supplemental Oxygen: 1. Supplemental oxygen may be added in patients with an awake SpO2 < 88% or when the PS and respiratory rate have been optimized but the SpO2 remains < 90% for 5 minutes or more. 2. The minimum starting supplemental oxygen rate should be 1 L/minute and increased in increments of 1 L/minute about every 5 minutes until an adequate SpO2 is attained (> 90%). Recommendations to Improve Patient Comfort and Patient-NPPV Device Synchrony: 1. If the patient awakens and complains that the IPAP and/or EPAP is too high, pressure should be lowered to a level comfortable enough to allow return to sleep. 2. NPPV device parameters (when available) such as pressure relief, rise time, maximum and minimum IPAP durations should be adjusted for patient comfort and to optimize synchrony between the patient and the NPPV device. 3. During the NPPV titration mask refit, adjustment, or change in mask type should be performed whenever any significant unintentional leak is observed or the patient complains of mask discomfort. If mouth leak is present and is causing significant symptoms (e.g., arousals) use of an oronasal mask or chin strap may be tried. Heated humidification should be added if the patient complains of dryness or significant nasal congestion. Recommendations for Follow-Up: 1. Close follow-up after initiation of NPPV by appropriately trained health care providers is indicated to establish effective utilization patterns, remediate side effects, and assess measures of ventilation and oxygenation to determine if adjustment to NPPV is indicated.
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PMID:Best clinical practices for the sleep center adjustment of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in stable chronic alveolar hypoventilation syndromes. 2095 53

Hepatic steatosis is characterized by accumulation of fat in the liver. The prevalence of hepatic steatosis is increasing wordwide due to the close relation between obesity and insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The reference standard for determination of hepatic steatosis is liver biopsy with histological assessment. The objections to this are increased risk of complications, patient discomfort and inter-observer variability. Proton MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) provides information about the chemical constitution of tissues in a spectrum. In this way, 1H-MRS is able to non-invasively measure the amount of fat in the liver. 1H-MRS is precise and reproducible for the assessment of hepatic fat and is useful in all patients for whom an assessment of hepatic steatosis is required, except for those in which MRI is contra-indicated. 1H-MRS is not difficult to learn, but one has to gain some experience with the data-acquisition to obtain good quality MR spectra.
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PMID:[No-invasive determination of liver fat with 1H-MR spectroscopy]. 2141 2

Dyspnea is a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that can limit the ability and motivation to perform exercise or exertion. It is a common problem that affects specific groups of patients, such as, those suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, and interstitial lung disease, and in healthy humans during aging, pregnancy, and obesity. In this review, the current mechanistic model of exertional dyspnea is summarized and new research demonstrating how treatment strategies improve dyspnea by reducing central ventilatory drive, improving dynamic ventilatory mechanics, and improving respiratory muscle function is highlighted. Lastly, we review the effects of healthy aging and recent evidence for a male-female difference with respect to exertional-related dyspnea.
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PMID:Exercise and its impact on dyspnea. 2153 Apr 1

Obesity poses important burdens not only on the individuals whose quality of life is reduced but on national welfare systems that have to face growing premature mortality rates, increase healthcare expenditures to treat obesity-related diseases, and earmark vast amounts of healthcare resources for prevention. The main goal of this paper is to analyze the relationship between excess body weight and different dimensions of health-related quality of life for people 16 years and older and to identify the health dimensions most affected by excess weight. We have drawn data from the Catalonia Health Survey (2006). Our results reveal a relationship between excess weight and health-related quality of life. Even after controlling for socio-economic status and objective health variables, excess weight is shown to have a significant negative effect on health-related quality of life. Subjects responses revealed that the negative effect of excess weight was felt the strongest in the health-related quality of life dimensions of mobility and pain/discomfort. Our results indicate there are important differences among gender and age groups. Women and older people are more likely to suffer from the negative consequences of excess weight.
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PMID:Body weight and health-related quality of life in Catalonia, Spain. 2185 39

Chronic wounds of the lower limbs are a major public healthcare problem affecting 1 percent of the adult population and 3 to 5 percent of people older than 65 years. These numbers are rising in the western population as a result of increased life expectancy and increased risk factors for atherosclerotic occlusion, such as smoking, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. This very debilitating condition, which reduces significantly the quality of life, causes social discomfort and generates considerable cost, not only to the patient but also to the society. Treating chronic leg ulcers is always a challenge. Over the last years, the treatment of this condition has been given more attention because of the frequent ineffectiveness of the methods used, the awareness of the psychological and social impact, and the recognition of the risks of malignancy in these wounds. Determining the etiology is an essential factor for directed and more effective wound care. Although 90 percent of ulcers are of vascular origin, the list of other possible causes responsible for the other 10 percent is extremely long. In this review, the authors focus on the differential diagnosis of chronic leg ulcers and the impact of directed treatment in the prognosis of this condition.
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PMID:[Uncommon causes of leg ulcers: investigative approach and therapeutics]. 2197 Dec 71

Giant lipomas of the stomach are very rare, accounting for less than 3% of all benign tumors of the stomach. A clear-cut endoscopic differentiation between gastric lipomas and other submucosal neoplasms is not feasible, because routine endoscopic gastric biopsies do not reach the submucosal layer. Gastric submucosal lipomas can cause gastric ulceration as in the case presented below and in rare instances this may in turn promote gastric cancer. Therefore, complete pretreatment diagnostic evaluation is needed. We present a 52-year-old man with a 6-month history of epigastric discomfort, early satiety, decreased appetite, and dyspepsia. His weight was noted to be stable and he was iron deficient (hemoglobin 11.5 g/dl and ferritin of 5 g/dl). His past history included a gastric ulcer found on endoscopy 5 years ago for which he was on omeprazole 40 mg once a day, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes. Clinical examination revealed central obesity with divarification of recti muscles. He underwent a colonoscopy that was normal, and an oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy that revealed a smooth extrinsic indentation of the anterior aspect of the distal stomach at around 50 cm. Biopsies of this were normal. A computed tomography scan was obtained () that demonstrated a 14 by 15-cm fatty tumor arising from the distal stomach with a couple of 5-mm nodes adjacent to tumor and no distant metastasis representing either a lipoma, liposarcoma or gastrointestinal stromal tumours. He subsequently underwent a subtotal gastrectomy. Macroscopically, the antrum was distorted by a huge submucosal intramural tumor mass. The antral mucosa was stretched over its surface and bore a central 15-mm ulcer surrounded by a raised border (). Microscopic examination confirmed an ulcerated benign submucosal lipoma. Our patient was symptomatic with a large gastric lipoma that necessitated surgical excision. Following surgery his postoperative recovery was uneventful, and he was asymptomatic when reviewed 4 weeks later. This case demonstrates a rare case of gastric lipoma causing gastric epithelial ulceration leading to iron deficiency.
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PMID:A rare case of iron deficiency. 2200 28

This study of 114 workers in the hydrocarbon industry was conducted to identify the relationship between stress and musculoskeletal discomfort, and to view the roles played by such factors as age, schooling, obesity, workplace and job seniority. All factors except seniority were found to affect the presence of musculoskeletal discomfort in some area of the body.
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PMID:Stress and musculoskeletal discomfort among hydrocarbon industry workers in Mexico. 2231 72

The burgeoning global obesity epidemic extends to the military service, where 6-53% of military personnel are overweight. Obese military personnel who adhere to a strict training and diet regime may potentially achieve and maintain significant weight loss. They may however face physical problems such as excess skin folds causing discomfort, difficulty in uniform fitting, personal hygiene, interference with full physical activities and psychological issues such as body image dissatisfaction, low self esteem and difficulty in social acceptance. We present a case report of a highly motivated military conscript who achieved and maintained significant weight loss but had physical defects following Massive Weight Loss. Body contouring surgery was successfully utilised to correct his physical defects and allowed him to return to full physical duties.
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PMID:Body contouring surgery for military personnel following massive weight loss. 2231 88

Psoriasis is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease that can cause significant discomfort and impairment to quality of life. Recent research indicates that individuals with moderate-to-severe psoriasis are likely at greater risk for chronic cardiometabolic co-morbidities such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. Physical activity can be an effective primary and adjunctive treatment for these maladies in other populations. Unfortunately, only a limited number of studies have examined physical activity in psoriasis, which are limited by poor design and lack of validated physical activity assessment methodologies. A variety of data suggest shared physiologic pathways between physical activity, psoriasis, and psoriasis cardiometabolic co-morbidities. Increased adiposity, inflammation, oxidative stress, adhesion molecules and lipids are physiologically linked to psoriasis, the risk of psoriasis cardiometabolic co-morbidities, and low levels of physical activity. In addition, epigenetic pathways are involved in psoriasis and could be influenced by physical activity. The physical and psychosocial impairments common in psoriasis may make it difficult to participate in regular physical activity, and future studies should aim to determine if physical activity interventions improve functioning and reduce co-morbidities in psoriasis.
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PMID:Psoriasis and physical activity: a review. 2238 2

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an inflammatory, debilitating follicular skin disease with recurring flare-ups. The painful, deep-seated, inflamed lesions in the inverse areas of the body cause severe discomfort, and hence, serious psycho-social and economic costs. HS is common, but often misdiagnosed and mechanistically poorly understood. Furthermore, HS is notoriously difficult to treat resulting in a high unmet medical need. To provoke debate, rational experimentation and initiate strategic studies, we here present a concise viewpoint on seven topics: the diagnosis of HS, the role of mechanical friction, the critical importance of accurate clinical subgrouping, smoking and obesity, the role of bacteria, and our comprehensive view on HS pathogenesis with a central role for keratin clearance, and novel treatment approaches.
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PMID:Hidradenitis suppurativa: viewpoint on clinical phenotyping, pathogenesis and novel treatments. 2288 84


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