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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Experimental obesity produced in rats by stereotaxic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) resulted in hyperphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, decreased urine osmolality, and enhanced excretion of total solute and urea. A 24-h water deprivation test revealed the inability of VMH-lesioned rats to increase urine antidiuretic hormone (ADH) excretion. Thus, destruction of the VMH area appears to be accompanied by impairment of ADH secretion, resulting in a diabetes insipidus syndrome that is partially masked by food restriction and improved by treatment with exogenous ADH.
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PMID:Abnormal water turnover associated with hypothalamic obesity. 700 48

A 62-year-old male with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) associated with Cushing's syndrome and diabetes insipidus (DI) is reported. The patient was referred to our hospital for treatment of SCLC. A diagnosis of paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome was made on the basis of an elevated serum ACTH (623.5 pg/ml) level, elevated excretion of urinary 17-OHCS (18.01 mg/day), obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, persistent hypokalemia, alkalosis, and no history of diabetes mellitus. He was also diagnosed as having DI based on polyuria and polydipsia, low specific gravity of the urine (1.007-1.010), low serum ADH (1.4 pg/ml) level, normal plasma osmolarity (29 mOsm/kg H2O), and the results of water deprivation test. DI and a left visual field defect was suggestive of metastasis to the pituitary region, but no lesion was detected by either CT scan or MRI scan. The patient failed to show a good response to intensive chemotherapy, and died of the tumor five months after commencing chemotherapy. Post-mortem examination revealed metastases to the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal region, lungs, liver, adrenal glands, bone, bone marrow, and hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes.
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PMID:[A case of small cell lung cancer associated with diabetes insipidus and Cushing's syndrome]. 839 May 89

A 43-year-old female was admitted to our hospital for polydipsia and hyperglycemia. She had total blindness and globes were not recognized by inspection, indicating clinical anophthalmia. Physical examination revealed short stature, obesity, prematurely gray hair, shortness of fingers and toes, syndactyly, and multiple dental caries. Laboratory examination showed hyperglycemia, increased glycosilated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin resistance on euglycemic glucose clamp. Blunted growth hormone (GH) secretion was shown in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, arginine infusion, and GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) loading test, and in 24 h spontaneous GH profile. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) showed dysostosis of orbit, defect of optic nerve, enlarged suprasellar cistern, and prolonged pituitary stalk. This may be the first report of a unique case with GH deficiency accompanied by clinical anophthalmia, hypoplastic orbits, digital dysplasia, short stature, obesity, and diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Unique case of growth hormone (GH) deficiency accompanied by clinical anophthalmia, hypoplastic orbits, digital dysplasia, short stature, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. 872 46

The study, conducted over 4 years among 400 diabetic patients, reports the epidemiological and clinical aspects of diabetes mellitus at the National Hospital of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Epidemiologically, diabetes mellitus affects men by 64% and women by 36%. 76% are over 40 y. o., whereas only 2.2% are under 20. Clinically, the classification of diabetic patients shows that 10.7% are insulin-dependent and 76.5% non insulin-dependent. No usual tropical diabetes has been found. The calcifications observed in 2.5% of cases were combined with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. The classic triad (polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia) led to diagnostic by 41% of the patients, whereas 27.5% have been identified when having complications, and 23% by a systematic check-up. Cardio-vascular risk factors combined with diabetes have been found: obesity (28%), high blood pressure (20%), hyperuricaemia (14%), addiction to smoking (20%). The epidemiological characteristics, as well as the various clinical aspects, mostly complies with the observations of the african authors.
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PMID:[Diabetes mellitus at the National Hospital Center of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)]. 899 12

The detection and correction of dietary errors plays an important role in avian medicine. Examples of diseases caused in part by a deficiency or abundance of a nutrient include hypovitaminosis A in birds of the parrot (Psittacidae) family, hypocalcemia in the African grey parrot, goitre in budgerigars, and iron storage diseases in the minah and toucan. Hypovitaminosis A can lead to metaplasia of mucous membranes, which in turn can lead to chronic rhinitis and respiratory fungal infections. Vitamin A deficiency is caused by feeding a seed based diet. Seed mixtures are often deficient in calcium, and nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism can develop if an additional source of calcium, in the form of ground shells, is not provided. Tetanic symptoms as a result of hypocalcemia are only seen in the African grey parrot and the timneh parrot. Over supplementation of vitamin D gives rise to poisoning with polyuria and polydipsia as common initial symptoms. The exact cause of iron storage diseases in toucans and minahs is not known. A diet low in iron and vitamin C is advised as therapy. Goitre can develop in budgerigars as a result of iodine-deficient drinking water and provision of a seed mixture based on millet. An unbalanced or multideficient diet can give rise to reproductive disorders, abnormal feathers, or infections as a result of diminished resistance. It is usually not possible to relate the cause of these diseases in a simple way to the composition of the diet. Obesity, which occurs in the galah, Amazon parrot, and budgerigars, can lead to fatty liver and lipoma. A gradual reduction in weight, by means of calorie restriction, is recommended. Commercially available nutritionally balanced bird food is often effective.
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PMID:[Nutrition-related problems in pet birds]. 992 97

The Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rat is a spontaneously diabetic strain with polyuria, polydipsia and mild obesity. The pathological features of OLETF rats closely resemble those of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study is to investigate the retinal capillary changes in the OLETF rat and to confirm the valuability of the OLETF rat as the model of diabetic retinal disease. One-month-old male OLETF rats and age- and sex-matched Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) controls were supplied by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Tokushima, Japan). Body weight and blood sugar levels were measured monthly. Their eyes were enucleated 14 months after birth. Ultrathin sections were made and examined with a transmission electron microscope. According to their location, two kinds of retinal capillaries were differentiated: those in the nerve fiber layer (NFL) and those in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). The image of each capillary was transferred to a computed image analyzer, and basement membrane thickness and the ratio of the pericyte area to total capillary cross-section area were determined. Corrosion casts of retinal vessels were made and examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). OLETF rats gained more weight than LETO rats from the beginning, and the difference increased gradually with age. The blood sugar level of OLETF rats was higher than that of LETO rats after 5 months of age. In the retinal capillaries of 14-month-old OLETF rats, basement membranes were significantly thicker (OLETF: 209 +/- 51 nm in NFL, 132 +/- 23 nm in OPL; LETO: 118 +/- 28 nm in NFL, 79 +/- 14 nm in OPL), and the ratio of pericyte area to the capillary cross-section area was significantly lower than that of the controls (OLETF: 0.131 +/- 0.92 in NFL, 0.111 +/- 0.102 in OPL; LETO: 0.288 +/- 0.142 in NFL, 0.198 +/- 0.136 in OPL). The endothelial cell cytoplasm had degenerated. SEM examination of the vascular corrosion cast of a 14-month-old OLETF rat showed caliber irregularity, narrowing, tortuosity and loop formations of capillaries. The morphological changes in the retinal capillaries of OLETF rats were similar to those seen in diabetic patients. The OLETF rat may be a useful animal model for the study of ocular diabetic complications in humans.
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PMID:Retinal capillary changes in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rats (spontaneously diabetic strain). Electron-microscopic study. 1042 Jan 21

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, a significant cause of adult morbidity and mortality, is being diagnosed more frequently in children and adolescents. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors are important determinants for the expression of this disease. Blacks, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans are known to be at higher risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus as adults and there appears to be increased prevalence of the disease in adolescent members of these groups. Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and high-fat diet are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A combination of peripheral insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency results in chronic hyperglycemia. The onset of hyperglycemia is usually slow and symptoms such as polyuria and polydipsia are often subtle and may go unrecognized by the patient. The treatment of children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus is an area of active study. Programs targeting diet modification and increased physical activity are being developed in hopes of delaying or preventing the onset of disease. This paper examines risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, reviews diagnostic criteria, and discusses newly established screening criteria for type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents.
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PMID:Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adolescents. 1094 9

Five callitrichids (three common marmosets -Callithrix jacchus -, a black tufted-eared marmoset -C. penicillata-, and a saddle-back tamarin -Saguinus fuscicollis) were diagnosed with islet hyperplasia by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. All were privately-owned, unrelated callitrichids ranging from 2- to 4-year-old. Relevant findings were anorexia (3/5), vomiting (2/5), ptyalism (1/5), polyuria/polydipsia (1/5), respiratory distress (1/5), hyperglycemia (2/3) and glycosuria (1/1); hyperglycemia and glycosuria were associated with pregnancy in a common marmoset and resolved after reducing simple carbohydrates in diet. All five animals died, three of them after few premonitory signs; in two cases, other concurrent diseases unrelated to islet hyperplasia were considered the cause of death. Additional animals from two facilities had high weight (4), physical obesity (3), polyuria/polydipsia/polyphagia/uriposia (1), hyperglycemia (1), and/or glycosuria (2). Pathologic findings in the deceased callitrichids were: islet hyperplasia (5/5); hemosiderosis (5/5); lipomatosis (4/5) of several tissues (atria, 3/5; pancreas, gall bladder, intestine, esophagus, and thyroid, 2/5; liver, 1/5); pancreatic necrosis or steatonecrosis, and/or acute pancreatitis (3/5); and vacuolation of hepatocytes and renal tubular cells most likely consistent with hepatorenal lipidosis (2/5). The islets of Langerhans were more numerous and larger than in a control, and morphologically normal in all cases, except in a common marmoset that had a few cells with a foamy cytoplasm and shrunken hyperchromatic or picknotic nucleus. Insulin (5/5), glucagon (3/5), and somatostatin (3/5) immunohistochemistry revealed that most cells stained positively for insulin diffusely in their cytoplasm (5/5) (staining restricted to the vascular pole of b-cells in the control). These findings suggest that obesity, insulin resistance and/or type II diabetes may be implicated and thus a prospective study on these diseases in callitrichids is necessary to determine their etiopathogenesis.
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PMID:Islet hyperplasia in callitrichids. 1214 99

It has been generally accepted that hwangryunjihwang-tang (h-tang) is a useful prescription for treating polydipsia and to prevent obesity induced by a high-fat diet. The aim of this study was to clarify whether h-tang improved reproductive dysfunction caused by obesity in mice. Mice were fed a high density protein and lipid diet for 4 weeks, followed by administration of h-tang at 480 mg/kg body weight per day for 4 days. Thereafter, changes of body weight, ovulation rate, in vitro and in vivo fertilization, embryonic development and implantation rate were measured. H-tang markedly reduced the body weight of obese mice fed a high-fat diet, but not mice fed a normal diet. H-tang significantly improved ovulation rates, in vitro and in vivo fertilization rates and embryonic development. These results indicate pharmacological reversal of reproductive dysfunction caused by obesity, perhaps by adjusting internal secretions and metabolic functions.
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PMID:Effects of hwangryunjihwang-tang on in vitro ertilization and ovulation in mice fed a high-fat diet. 1285 60

We studied the clinical presentation by age of 36 children with craniopharyngioma, and outcome by height and body mass index (BMI). Presenting symptoms included headache (51.4%), vomiting (31%), visual disturbances (22.9%), polyuria and/or polydipsia (17.1%), delayed puberty (19.4%), short stature (13.8%), and precocious puberty (2.7%). Growth deceleration was overlooked, as was diabetes insipidus (actual rate, 52% for both). Delayed puberty was observed in all patients of appropriate age. Mean height standard deviation score (SDS) at admission was significantly lower than mean target height SDS (p = 0.004), while mean final height SDS was similar (p = 0.14). BMI SDS at last follow-up was similar to mean parental BMI SDS. We conclude that although endocrinopathies are present in most patients with craniopharyngioma, they are rarely the reason for referral. While affected prepubertal children have non-endocrine complaints, most adolescents are referred because of delayed puberty. Diabetes insipidus may be more prevalent in craniopharyngioma than previously reported. When patients with hypothalamic obesity are excluded, mean BMI SDS remains within normal range and is influenced mostly by parental BMI SDS.
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PMID:Craniopharyngioma: presentation and endocrine sequelae in 36 children. 1288 Jan 19


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