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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During prolonged starvation blood gas analyses on 24 lean and 78 obese subjects were performed. A statistically significant sex difference of acid-base status was found in that lean females were more acidotic after 4 - 6 days of fasting than lean males. This sex difference was abolished by severe and long-standing obesity, since females suffering from this condition were not significantly different from lean and obese males. Out of 78 obese patients fasted for 1 - 4 weeks 8 had one or more pH values below 7.30. It is concluded that regular blood gas analyses are indicated in all patients subjected to prolonged total fasting.
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PMID:Acid-base patterns in lean and obese subjects during total fasting. 99 75

A group of 9 obese subjects with a mean body weight of 140 kg was treated for their obesity with a jejuno-ileal intestinal shunt. During the first post-operative year their mean body weight decreased to 100 kg. Fatty acid patterns of triglycerides inserum and subcutaneous adipose tissue were studied at intervals during one year after surgery. Myristic and palmitic acids' contents of serum triglycerides were found to decrease during this period of time, whereas the fatty acid pattern of triglycerides in adipose tissue was practically unchanged. Triglycerides, cholesterol, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase in serum decreased during the first year after operation, whereas aminotransferases showed a transient elevation. It is put forward that these findings are consistent with starvation rather than liver dysfunction.
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PMID:Fatty acid patterns of serum triglycerides and subcutaneous adipose tissues after ileal bypass in obesity. 118 10

Patients treated for obesity by total starvation were followed up after a period ranging from 7 to 60 months. Starvation treatment had been carried out 12 times in women and 7 times in men. Weight regain was less than 33% of weight loss in 5 women and 5 men and the regain was 40% in 1 man. Weight increase was higher than 50% of weight loss in 7 women and 1 man. The weight of one of these women exceeded the prestarvation weight. In view of these poor long-term results, therapeutic starvation should be carried out only in selected cases. Our experience indicates a better prognosis for men than for women. There is some indication that long-term results of therapeutic starvation are more favorable in patients with previous myocardial infarction or with somatic conditions which may improve after weight reduction.
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PMID:[Late results after zero calorie diet therapy in adiposity]. 125 Nov 49

Obesity is one of the most common prosperity diseases. As a consequence of this disease there is a decrease in the expectation of life. Obesity is bascially caused by overeating. The low-caloric reducing diets are differentiated into a low-fat and high-carbohydrate form, and into a carbohydrate-free and high-fat diet. The metabolic advantages and the disadvantages of these two forms of low-caloric diets are discussed with respect to starvation metabolism. It is assumed that without ketoacidosis, at least 100-140 g glucose per day are required to meet the energetic demands of the central nervous system. Since the conversion rate of protein to glucose is about 2:1, during a carbohydrate-free diet about 200-260 g of protein per day would be necessary to meet the glucose requirements of the organism. As such a high-protein supply with food is almost impossible, ketogenesis in the liver must take place as a sort of "glucose-sparing mechanism". Only under these conditions, the otherwise extreme nitrogen catabolism can be avoided during an almost carbohydrate-free diet. However, using a fat-free (600 kcal) diet it is possible to furnish the glucose requirements of the central nervous system by the food supply. Therefore, a compensatory ketoacidosis is not required. Additionally, the fat-free diet does not contain cholesterol. In this way, the hypercholesterinemia which is a common feature in obesity is favourably influenced by the absence of foods of animal origin. Therefore, within a short period a marked decrease in serum cholesterol concentration results by the high-carbohydrate diet. The same is true for the concentration of free fatty acids and serum triglycerides. It is concluded that the high-carbohydrate low-caloric diet is suited best for reduction of body weight.
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PMID:[Nutrition physiological aspects in the treatment of obesity]. 125 23

Obese male rats, with an average body weight of 530 g (approximately 30 weeks old), received either pancreatic elastase (75 microns/100 g) or saline intratracheally and were divided into fed and starved groups. Starved rats were given one-third of their measured daily food consumption. All groups were studied 4 weeks after the initiation of starvation. In both elastase and saline exposed rats, the saline volume-pressure curves expressed as a percentage of maximal lung volume were similar in fed and starved groups. Mean linear intercept (Lm) and alveolar surface area (Sa) were not different between the control-fed and the control-starved rats. Lm was similar but Sa was significantly smaller in the elastase-starved compared with the elastase-fed groups. It is concluded that, in contrast to the aggravating affects of weight loss on experimental emphysema in adult nonobese rats, food restriction does not affect elastase-induced injury significantly in obese animals.
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PMID:Effects of food deprivation on experimental emphysema in obese rats. 139 12

There is significant variation in metabolic rate in humans, independent of differences in body size, body composition, age, and gender. Although it has been generally held that the normal human "set-point" body temperature is 37 degrees C, these interindividual variations in metabolic rate also suggest possible variations in body temperature. To examine the possibility of correlations between metabolic rate and body temperature, triplicate measurements of oral temperatures were made before and after measurement of 24-h energy expenditure in a respiratory chamber in 23 Pima Indian men. Fasting oral temperatures varied more between individuals than can be attributed to methodological errors or intraindividual variation. Oral temperatures correlated with sleeping (r = 0.80, P < 0.0001), and 24-h (r = 0.48, P < 0.02) metabolic rates adjusted for differences in body size, body composition, and age. Similarly, in the 32 Caucasian men of the Minnesota Semi-Starvation Study, oral temperature correlated with adjusted metabolic rate, and the interindividual differences in body temperature were maintained throughout semistarvation and refeeding. These results suggest that a low body temperature and a low metabolic rate might be two signs of an obesity-prone syndrome in humans.
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PMID:Concomitant interindividual variation in body temperature and metabolic rate. 141 92

Obesity is characterized by a high risk for glucose intolerance and cardiovascular disease. Since magnesium deficiency or depletion have often been associated with both pathologies, is of interest to study magnesium status in severely obese subjects before any form of treatment. Negative magnesium balances have been described in overweight persons submitted to total starvation, hypocaloric diets, and obesity surgery. For this reason 80 non-diabetic obese men and 118 age-matched obese women were studied. Serum and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations were significantly higher in the male population but the mean values were not suggestive of a magnesium deficit before any form of treatment was started. Since metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk are greater in patients with upper body fat distribution (UBFD) both sexes were subdivided according to "waist-to-hip" circumference ratio. No difference could be shown in the obese men but in women, UBFD subjects showed higher basal insulin levels and increased erythrocyte magnesium concentration as compared to those with classical gynoid fat distribution. A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test enabled the subjects to be subdivided into those with normal or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The IGT group in both sexes was older and more obese. Mean values of serum magnesium and erythrocyte magnesium were not decreased despite the more pronounced insulin resistance in the IGT group. However a significant negative correlation was found between fasting blood sugar/insulinaemia and erythrocyte magnesium, showing that this middle-aged obese population can maintain normal circulating levels of magnesium, in contrast to type II diabetics or older subjects where for other reasons (urinary losses or decreased intake) magnesium status is interfered with.
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PMID:Magnesium and obesity: influence of gender, glucose tolerance, and body fat distribution on circulating magnesium concentrations. 146 56

Mammals and birds adapt to prolonged fasting by mobilizing fat stores and minimizing protein loss. This strategy ends with an increase in protein utilization associated with behavioural changes promoting food foraging. Using the Zucker rat as a model, we have investigated the effect of severe obesity on this pattern of protein loss during long-term fasting. Two interactions between the initial adiposity and protein utilization were found. First, protein conservation was more effective in obese than in lean rats: fatty rats had a three times lower daily nitrogen excretion and proportion of energy expenditure deriving from proteins, and a lower daily protein loss in various muscles. This phase of protein sparing is moreover nine times longer in the fatty rats. Second, obese animals did not show the late increase in nitrogen excretion that occurred in their lean littermates. Total body protein loss during starvation was larger in fatty rats (57% versus 29%) and, accordingly, total protein loss was greater in their muscles. At the end of the experiment, lean and obese rats had lost 98% and 82%, respectively, of their initial lipid reserves, and fatty rats still had an obese body composition. These results support the hypothesis that in severely obese humans and animals a lethal cumulative protein loss is reached long before the exhaustion of fat stores, while the phase of protein conservation is still continuing. In contrast, in lean rats, survival of fasting seems to depend on the availability of lipid fuels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Relationships between lipid availability and protein utilization during prolonged fasting. 150 87

A major concern with the use of starvation or semistarvation diets for weight reduction in severely obese people has been the reports of sudden death due to ventricular arrhythmias. Obesity per se is associated with cardiovascular changes, including left ventricular hypertrophy and prolongation of the QT interval. With weight loss, the mass of the heart and left ventricle decrease, but some signs of left ventricular dysfunction remain. The effect of weight loss on the electrocardiogram abnormalities of obesity appears to depend upon diet duration and upon whether protein and mineral nutritional status is maintained. Copper, potassium, and magnesium deficiencies may play important roles in promoting an electrically unstable heart. Stress, by eliciting autonomic imbalance, may act upon an electrically unstable heart to provoke acute arrhythmias in a subset of the obese population with QT interval prolongation.
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PMID:Cardiac effects of starvation and semistarvation diets: safety and mechanisms of action. 153 77

Through thousands of years of starvation and poor nutrition, the human body has become adept at storing scarce nutrients. Today, in the United States and Canada particularly, the combination of sedentary habits and excessive intake of calories is imposing a dual burden on a physiologic system that is ill-equipped to handle it. Unable to rid itself of calories, the body's only defense is to store them all. The end result is obesity, with all its deleterious effects on health and longevity.
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PMID:Medical implications of obesity. Losing pounds, gaining years. 161 29


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