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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
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This report describes the construction of a questionnaire to measure three dimensions of human eating behavior. The first step was a collation of items from two existing questionnaires that measure the related concepts of 'restrained eating' and 'latent obesity', to which were added items newly written to elucidate these concepts. This version was administered to several populations selected to include persons who exhibited the spectrum from extreme dietary restraint to extreme lack of restraint. The resulting responses were factor analyzed and the resulting factor structure was used to revise the questionnaire. This process was then repeated: administration of the revised questionnaire to groups representing extremes of dietary restraint, factor analysis of the results and questionnaire revision. Three stable factors emerged: (1) 'cognitive restraint of eating', (2) 'disinhibition' and (3) 'hunger'. The new 51-item questionnaire measuring these factors is presented.
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PMID:The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. 398 80

Animal experiments and clinical observations have demonstrated significant effects of vagotomy on body weight. Weight loss or inability to regain are partly due to impaired motility and secretomotor activity of the vagus nerve causing disturbances in digestion which, however, are not sufficient to explain most of the weight deficit after vagotomy in animals or morbidly obese patients. The body weight deficit is also due to reduced caloric intake with changes in the quantity and quality of food and liquid intake, the latter accounting for more than one-third of the total reduction in caloric intake. Obese patients have consistent decreases in hunger ratings after vagotomy and also reveal changed hedonic ratings and estimations of taste intensity. Validation of vagotomy studies requires tests of vagal integrity to confirm the completeness of the surgery and rule out regeneration of nerve tissue or recruitment of function. Tests of completeness of vagotomy are difficult to perform and evaluate in morbidly obese patients due to insulin resistance. The finding of an inadequate gastric acid response to insulin hypoglycemia implies a defect hypothalamic response to hypoglycemic stress in these patients. A new postoperative test of completeness of vagotomy based on disrupted drinking after intravenous hypertonic saline challenge is introduced as an attractive alternative to the potentially hazardous insulin test.
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PMID:Behavioral effects of vagotomy in humans. 636 99

College students ate two high preference or two low preference doughnuts under high or low hunger conditions. Subjects were led to believe that we were interested in preference ratings made after eating the doughnuts. The number of bites and the total snack time were covertly recorded. Having weighed the doughnuts previously, we calculated the bite size (amount per bite), bite speed (time per bite), and eating rate (amount per second). Eating rate increased as obesity, body size, hunger, and preference increased; men ate at a faster rate than women. Larger bites accounted for the increased rate of the obese, the high preference subjects, and those having a larger body size. The hungry subjects increased their eating rate by taking faster bites. Men ate faster than women by taking both larger but slower bites. Thus eating rate is under multiple control. The data also suggest that the effects of obesity and, in part, gender on these eating responses may be more parsimoniously explained as body size effects. Modification of these within-session eating responses in order to regulate food intake will be successful only when the relationships among these measures are understood.
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PMID:Contributions of obesity, gender, hunger, food preference, and body size to bite size, bite speed, and rate of eating. 651 69

In some isolated parts of North Africa, there persists an ancient Berber custom of imposing an overfeeding regimen on young girls before marriage, to achieve an obesity which is regarded as aesthetically pleasing. We have studied the effect of such a regimen, lasting 12--16 weeks, on blood lipids and on the affective reactions to sweet tastes in nine subjects. It is known that the pleasantness of alimentary cues i.e., the feeding behaviour, depends on the subject's nutritional state. Only three subjects gained weight (by 3,5 and 8 kg), in spite of the strong pressure to overeat. No change in plasma lipid concentrations were observed. Nevertheless, at the end of the regimen every subject showed a highly significant decrease in the rated pleasantness of sweet stimuli when they were tested fasting. However, the reduction in sweet pleasantness induced by ingestion of a 200 ml load of 1.4 M glucose solution was not changed by the overfeeding. Thus, pressure to overfeed can reduce hunger, as seen in the attractiveness of sweet foods in fasted subjects, without modifying glucose-induced satiety.
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PMID:Effects of an overfeeding regimen--the affective component of the sweet sensation. 658 99

The universal Product Code (UPC) checkout system was used to determine the type of unplanned purchases made by obese and nonobese in a supermarket under various levels of deprivation. The results show that deprivation differently affects the saliency of food-related cues for obese and nonobese. Obese individuals purchased more unplanned items when not deprived than when deprived. Moreover, the majority of the unplanned purchases were items that were on an end aisle or point-of-purchase display. The results are discussed in terms of previous research that have demonstrated that the obese and nonobese interpret and respond differently to internal and external cues of hunger.
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PMID:Effect of deprivation on the grocery shopping behavior of obese and nonobese consumers. 662 38

Seven obese women were placed on a liquid formula diet providing 560 kcal (2.4 MJ) and 70 g protein daily and studied under metabolic ward conditions for four weeks. The diet was well tolerated and hunger sensations were minimal. Mean weight loss was 10.47 kg for the four weeks. A positive nitrogen balance was achieved within two weeks in most patients, but despite this serum prealbumin levels fell as did the excretion of 3-methylhistidine in the urine. Plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and urate levels rose during the first two weeks but remained constant thereafter. The characteristic decrease in plasma triiodothyronine levels and increase in reverse triiodothyronine levels seen with fasting and other very-low-calorie diets were also observed with this diet. Potassium losses were minimal and no changes in electrocardiograms were seen. This diet would appear to be an acceptable, effective and safe means of achieving rapid weight loss in obesity.
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PMID:A metabolic ward study of a high protein, very-low-energy diet. 662 42

Rats were made to overeat and gain weight (about 50 g) by long-acting protamine zinc insulin (PZI) treatment. When the PZI treatment was stopped, the rats ate much less than normal for at least seven days. During recovery from PZI-induced obesity, negative correlations were observed between food intake and plasma levels of the fat metabolites, free fatty acids, glycerol, and ketone bodies. A similar but smaller effect was observed during recovery from dietary obesity (about 15 g). The plasma fat metabolites may be the blood-borne signals which suppress hunger under these conditions.
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PMID:Reversible obesity and plasma fat metabolites. 683 44

In order to test the hypothesis that the fat metabolites are the blood-borne signals which suppress hunger during recovery from reversible obesity, experiments were designed to manipulate plasma fat metabolite levels directly. In order to elevate plasma glycerol levels, glycerol was infused intravenously into relatively unrestrained rats for 36 hours; this treatment greatly increased plasma glycerol levels but reduced voluntary food intake only slightly. Similar results were obtained when glycerol was mixed with powdered rat food. These results suggest that glycerol is not the "lipostatic hormone" although it may contribute to regulation. Similar experiments with a synthetic precursor of the ketone bodies (1,3 butanediol), suggest that the ketone bodies contribute to the decrease in food intake after reversible obesity, but cannot be a complete explanation. Dietary fat consumption raised plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels to the range seen during recovery from reversible obesity, suggesting that plasma FFAs may be a blood-borne signal of fat utilization in both cases. Intralipid, a synthetic triglyceride emulsion designed for intravenous administration, also increased plasma FFA levels but suppressed food intake by less than predicted. However, Intralipid may tend to cause spuriously high plasma FFA readings for reasons which are discussed. These results suggest that plasma fat metabolites, especially FFAs, may be blood-borne signals which contribute to the voluntary dieting after reversible obesity.
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PMID:Plasma fat metabolites and hunger. 683 45

Early studies of hypothalamic function found that damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) resulted in marked overeating but inferior performance in food-motivated tasks, leading several investigators to conclude that hyperphagic VMH animals were actually less hungry than normal animals. However, numerous studies have since demonstrated that under certain conditions VMH-damaged animals will work as hard or harder for food, and consume as much or more of an unpalatable diet, than normal animals. A review of these experiments suggests that most of the deficits in food-motivated behavior are the result of two dysfunctions, one obesity induced, and the other a direct result of the lesion that can be greatly alleviated by preoperative adaptation. Explanations of the VMH paradox are also examined, and it is concluded that most are too narrow in scope, generally ignoring the fact that obesity and preoperative adaptation have similar effects on thirst- and some avoidance-motivated behaviors. It is proposed that the impaired performance of VMH-lesioned animals in food-reinforced tasks is largely the result of obesity- and lesion-induced dysfunctions that are not specific to either hunger- or thirst-motivated behaviors.
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PMID:A re-examination of the ventromedial hypothalamic paradox. 699 90

Twelve obese and four lean subjects increased their energy expenditure by 100 kcal/day by cycling on a bicycle ergometer. The order of testing was alternated so that half of the subjects did exercise on the first three days and the remainder on the last three days. Ad lib energy intake was measured over six days using an automated food dispensing machine. The obese subjects ate 1196 +/- 517 kcal/day and the lean subjects ate 1162 +/- 301 kcal/day and showed no overall significant difference in energy intake or eating patterns. However, these obese subjects ate 18 kcal/day less and the lean subjects ate 155 kcal/day more during the exercise period. The difference in response confirms the hypothesis that lean subjects tend to regulate energy intake more accurately than obese subjects. Exercise increased the frequency of eating and drinking and decreased hunger and appetite for all subjects. There was a significantly greater decrease in hunger and appetite with exercise for the obese subjects. However, as there was no accompanying decrease in energy intake and some subjects had difficulty in completing the exercise, the value of small increases in voluntary exercise in the treatment of obesity is questioned.
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PMID:Effect of exercise on energy intake and eating patterns in lean and obese humans. 717 49


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