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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Weight loss reduces many of the health hazards associated with obesity including insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, sleep apnea, hypoxemia and hypercarbia, and osteoarthritis. Potential adverse effects of weight loss include a greater risk for gallstone formation and cholecystitis, excessive loss of lean body mass, water and electrolyte problems, mild liver dysfunction, and elevated uric acid levels. Less consequential problems such as diarrhea, constipation, hair loss, and cold intolerance may also occur. The short-term adverse effects are not severe enough to contraindicate weight loss, nor do they outweigh its short-term benefits.
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PMID:Short-term medical benefits and adverse effects of weight loss. 836 5

In a multicenter study by 243 practicing physicians in Austria 819 severely obese subjects of both sexes without overt disease were encouraged to keep a calorie-restricted diet to reduce weight. After a run-in period of more than two weeks of dieting patients started taking 15 mg dexfenfluramine (Isomeride) twice daily for three month. While their weight was fairly stable during the run-in period progressive weight loss occurred during taking dexfenfluramine due to obvious changes in eating habits and appetite allowing to keep the reducing diet more strictly. Females lost 7.7 +/- 3.9 kg while obese men lost 9.32 +/- 4.6 kg. Laboratory tests obtained before starting dexfenfluramine and after 3 months at termination of medication showed blood glucose, cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides to decrease while HDL-cholesterol increased moderately. Dexfenfluramine was well tolerated by the majority of patients. Side effects such as fatigue, sedation, flatulence or diarrhea occurred in only 7.9% of the probands initially and dropped to 2.1% during the third month of the medication. It is concluded that Dexfenfluramine modifies eating habits and appetite thus making weight reducing diets easier acceptable and resulting in weight loss. It is suggested that Dexfenfluramine has a role in treatment regimes for morbid and refractory obesity.
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PMID:[Effect of dexfenfluramine on eating behavior and body weight of obese patients: results of a field study of Isomeride in Austrian general practice]. 865 Oct 45

Antiobesity and antidiabetic actions of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor AO-128 were examined using genetically obese-diabetic rats, Wistar fatty. Ten-week-old, male fatty rats were kept on CE-2 diet containing 10 or 25 ppm of AO-128 for 4 weeks. The average drug intake was calculated to be 0.74 or 1.78 mg/kg/day from the average food intake, respectively. The intestinal maltase and sucrase activities were decreased by AO-128 in a dose-related fashion. Food intake of fatty rats treated with AO-128 was decreased throughout the experiment. This decrease in food intake could hardly be explained only by diarrhea which occurred for the first 5 days of the administration of AO-128. AO-128 normalized hyperglycemia and markedly reduced hypertriglyceridemia and hyperinsulinemia in fatty rats. In addition, AO-128 decreased body weight gain, food efficiency, epididymal adipose tissue weight, carcass weight, and body fat deposition. These findings indicate that AO-128 may be useful for treating human obesity and diabetes.
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PMID:AO-128, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor: antiobesity and antidiabetic actions in genetically obese-diabetic rats, Wistar fatty. 869 66

Over the last quarter of a century Danish research on bile acids has comprised studies of their physical and chemical properties, their physiology, pathophysiology, metabolism, and kinetics, and their clinical applicability. In the beginning of the period a major contribution was made to the understanding of the factors involved in the solubility of cholesterol in bile. The growing international understanding of the potential importance of the bile acids in health and disease gave raise to a substantial Danish contribution in the 1970s and 1980s in parallel with international achievements. Emphasis was on the possible clinical implications of bile acids. Studies on physiology and pathophysiology were in focus. Patients who have had an intestinal bypass operation for obesity served as a model for obtaining new knowledge on various aspects of the properties of the bile acids. Also the analytical methods were improved. Important physiological research on the mechanisms of hepatic bile flow was conducted. An intestinal perfusion model served as a tool providing information on absorption kinetics and on transmucosal water and electrolyte movements. The gallstone disease, liver diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, fat malabsorption, and other intestinal disorders were studied. The 'idiopathic ileopathy' as a cause for bile acid malabsorption causing diarrhoea was established as a new disorder. Thus, in the time period concerned, substantial Danish contributions emerged on major and minor topics of the bile acid field.
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PMID:Bile acids in health and disease. 872 81

The pattern of fruit juice consumption has changed over time. Fifty years ago, orange juice was the major juice produced and it was consumed primarily to prevent scurvy. Now, apple juice is the juice of choice for the under 5 age group. While fruit juice is a healthy, low-fat, nutritious beverage, there have been some health concerns regarding juice consumption. Nursing bottle caries have long been recognized as a consequence of feeding juice in bottles, using the bottle as a pacifier, and prolonged bottle feeding. Non-specific chronic diarrhea or "toddler's" diarrhea has been associated with juice consumption, especially juices high in sorbitol and those with a high fructose to glucose ratio. This relates to carbohydrate malabsorption, which varies by the type, concentration, and mixture of sugars present in different fruit juices. Fruit juice consumption by preschoolers has recently increased from 3.2 to about 5.5 fl oz/day. Consumption of fruit juice helps fulfill the recommendation to eat more fruits and vegetables, with fruit juice accounting for 50% of all fruit servings consumed by children, aged 2 through 18 years, and 1/3 of all fruits and vegetables consumed by preschoolers. Concomitant with the increase in fruit juice consumption has been a decline in milk intake. This is concerning as milk is the major source of calcium in the diet, and at present, only 50% of children, aged 1 through 5 years, meet the RDA for calcium. Studies of newborn infants and preschool-aged children have demonstrated a preference for sweet-tasting foods and beverages. Thus, it is not surprising that some children, if given the opportunity, might consume more fruit juice than is considered optimal. Eleven percent of healthy preschoolers consumed > or = 12 fl oz/day of fruit juice, which is considered excessive. Excess fruit juice consumption has been reported as a contributing factor in some children with nonorganic failure to thrive and in some children with decreased stature. In other children, excessive fruit juice consumption has been associated with an increased caloric intake and obesity. This paper reviews the role of fruit juice in the diets of infants and children and outlines areas for future research. Recommendations regarding fruit juice consumption based on current data are also given.
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PMID:Fruit juice consumption by infants and children: a review. 889 77

Dexfenfluramine increases serotonergic activity by stimulating serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) release into brain synapses, inhibiting its reuptake into presynaptic neurons and by directly stimulating postsynaptic serotonin receptors. On the basis of the serotonin hypothesis of appetite control, these actions would be expected to reduce appetite and, consequently, bodyweight. Studies conducted in animals and in overweight patients with and without associated disorders have confirmed the weight-reducing efficacy and good tolerability of dexfenfluramine. In 3-month clinical studies in obese patients, weight reductions with dexfenfluramine 15mg twice daily combined with dietary support were significantly higher than those achieved with placebo and similar to those with ephedrine/caffeine 20/20mg 3 times daily, sibutramine 10mg once daily and fluoxetine 60 mg/day. Furthermore, dexfenfluramine recipients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia or hypertension consistently show improvements in glycaemic control, blood lipid profiles and blood pressure. 12-month trial results indicate that most weight loss occurs in the initial 6 months and appears to be maintained for a further 6 months. Weight regain after withdrawal of treatment in 12-month studies demonstrates that dexfenfluramine is effective in maintaining a stable bodyweight at a lower level than placebo and in limiting food intake over this time period. Commonly reported adverse events with dexfenfluramine include diarrhoea, tiredness, dry mouth and somnolence; these symptoms are generally mild and transient. Approximately 7 and 10% of dexfenfluramine recipients in short and long term studies withdrew because of adverse events. Dexfenfluramine was better tolerated than ephedrine/caffeine and fluoxetine in short term studies. Obesity is a chronic condition that is accompanied by a number of metabolic complications. It is a significant health problem in developed countries, and as a major risk factor for many chronic diseases, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease, the economic burden of this condition is considerable. As with other chronic conditions, there is a role for pharmacological intervention in patients with severe obesity. However, drugs should be considered as only one component of a weight-control programme, since additional lifestyle modification is required to maintain weight loss. The promising data on the long term efficacy and tolerability of dexfenfluramine as well as its favourable effects on risk factors associated with obesity requires confirmation in long term studies. In the meantime, dexfenfluramine should be considered a valuable adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet in the management of severe obesity, particularly in patients with associated disorders and those unsuccessful with conventional weight loss measures. Available data support the use of the drug for up to 1 year to maintain weight loss and thus dexfenfluramine should be considered for long term administration.
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PMID:Dexfenfluramine. An updated review of its therapeutic use in the management of obesity. 911 19

The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse effects of dexfenfluramine hydrochloride are reviewed. Dexfenfluramine, the dextrorotatory isomer of fenfluramine, is indicated for use in the management of obesity in patients with a body mass index of > or = 30 kg/m2, or > or = 27 kg/m2 in the presence of other risk factors. Unlike fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine is a pure serotonin agonist. Dexfenfluramine may mimic the effect of carbohydrate intake. Systemic bioavailability is about 68%, and the drug is metabolized in the liver. In randomized, placebo-controlled trials, dexfenfluramine was effective in reducing weight in obese patients given the drug for three or six months. In trials lasting one year, the statistically significant weight loss occurred during months 4 to 6. Dexfenfluramine reduces blood pressure, percent glycosylated hemoglobin, and concentrations of blood glucose and blood lipids, but these benefits may be indirect. Dexfenfluramine may also be of some value in controlling eating habits in diabetic patients, preventing weight gain after smoking cessation, and treating bulimia, seasonal affective disorder, neuroleptic-induced obesity, and premenstrual syndrome. Dexfenfluramine's most frequent adverse effects are insomnia, diarrhea, and headache; it has also been associated with primary pulmonary hypertension. The drug should not be combined with other serotonergic agonists because of the risk of serotonin syndrome. The recommended dosage is 15 mg twice daily. Dexfenfluramine is effective in the treatment of obesity in selected patients. Because its efficacy is lost after six months of continuous treatment, it should be viewed primarily as an adjunct to diet and exercise.
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PMID:Dexfenfluramine hydrochloride: an anorexigenic agent. 937 5

Amylase inhibition has gastrointestinal and metabolic effects that may aid in the treatment of diabetes and obesity. We tested whether 4 g of a commercially available wheat amylase inhibitor (WAI) affected postprandial carbohydrate (CHO) absorption and plasma glucose or hormones. Twelve persons (four lean and four obese nondiabetics and four obese type II diabetics) were studied on 2 separate days. After eating a weight maintenance diet (55% CHO, 20% protein, and 25% fat, as percentage of calories) for 3 days, subjects ate a breakfast containing 650 kcal, the same proportion of nutrients as calories, and in random order, either WAI or no WAI. Breath H2 and plasma glucose and hormones were measured every 15 and 30 min, respectively, for 7 h. WAI decreased the delta peak postprandial plasma glucose concentrations in 10 of 12 subjects (p < 0.05) and increased the breath H2 levels in 11 (p = 0.02); the increases in breath H2 were small, generally <20 ppm. No subject experienced a change in stools, diarrhea, or bloating. In response to WAI, gastric inhibitory peptide decreased (p < 0.05), peptide YY increased (p < 0.05), and there was a trend toward increased human pancreatic polypeptide (p = 0.07). Although WAI delays CHO absorption and reduces peak postprandial plasma glucose concentrations, overall CHO malabsorption is minimal (as reflected by breath hydrogen and hormones) and without symptoms. It, therefore, may be useful in treating type II diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:Acute postprandial gastrointestinal and metabolic effects of wheat amylase inhibitor (WAI) in normal, obese, and diabetic humans. 970 Sep 50

Fructan is a general term used for any carbohydrate in which one or more fructosyl-fructose link constitutes the majority of osidic bonds. This review focuses on the fate of inulin-type fructans (namely native chicory inulin, oligofructose produced by the partial enzymatic hydrolysis of chicory inulin, and synthetic fructans produced by enzymatic synthesis from sucrose) in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as on their systemic physiological effects on mineral absorption, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, hormone balance, and nitrogen homeostasis. The scientific evidence for the functional claims of inulin-type fructans is discussed, as well as their potential application in risk reduction of disease, namely constipation, infectious diarrhea, cancer, osteoporosis, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, obesity, and non-insulin dependent diabetes.
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PMID:Dietary fructans. 970 21

The jejunoileostomy was a frequently used surgical procedure to treat morbid obese patients (obesity grade III) from 1970 to 1980. The observed weight loss was very good, 50-60 kg during the first 18 months after operation (n = 288). Even obesity-induced side effects were improved significantly. However, negative consequences and complications were seen all too often: chronic loss of electrolytes, protein and vitamins and diarrhea with perianal skin problems. Reoperations were often necessary due to renal stone formation, cholecystolithiasis or blind loop syndrome. Therefore this procedure was abandoned in favor of operations such as vertical banded gastroplasty or the adjustable gastric band. However, in special cases similar operations may be helpful if gastric restriction has failed.
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PMID:[20 years small intestinal bypass surgery. What is left?]. 1073 80


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