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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

As part of a larger prognostic study of anorexia nervosa, clinical features at presentation of 24 males with anorexia are described, and compared with a female group matched for date of admission. Data were extracted from the original case records and follow-up interview. The study confirms the view that males display the classical syndrome of anorexia nervosa, but differs from previous studies in several respects. Age at onset (mean 18.6 years) and at presentation (mean 20.2 years) is later, with a mean duration of illness at presentation of only 1.6 years. A premorbid tendency to obesity is confirmed; maximum weight loss during the illness amounted to 42% matched population mean weight (MPMW), and weight at presentation was 78.5% MPMW, somewhat higher than the female group. In keeping with earlier studies, binging and vomiting were noted commonly, in around half of sufferers, but laxative abuse was less frequent and excessive exercising more frequent in males. Depressive and obsessional symptoms are common in both groups, and a strong family history of affective disorders and alcohol abuse was noted in over one third.
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PMID:Clinical presentation of anorexia nervosa in males: 24 new cases. 817 58

Long-term administration of sulpiride induces hyperphagia and obesity in female rats. After sulpiride withdrawal, a significant hypophagia has been observed. The hyperphagia could be related to the blockade and the hypophagia to supersensitivity of dopamine D2 receptors, in particular those D2 receptors located in the perifornical hypothalamus. If this were the case, an enhancement of anorexia induced by amphetamine and dopamine should be observed after interruption of long-term sulpiride treatment. Two doses of systemic sulpiride (20 or 200 mg/kg) and one dose of intrahypothalamic sulpiride (15 micrograms) were tested. Amphetamine was administered by systemic or intrahypothalamic infusion. Dopamine was administered in the hypothalamus. After withdrawal of systemic administration of sulpiride (200 mg/kg), an enhancement of anorexia induced by systemic amphetamine was observed. However, the anorexia induced by intrahypothalamic injections of amphetamine or dopamine was not affected by the interruption of the sulpiride treatment. These results suggest that the hypophagia following chronic sulpiride treatment is not due to supersensitivity of D2 dopamine receptors in the lateral hypothalamus. Moreover, the change in the response to amphetamine might be related to supersensitivity of extrahypothalamic D2 receptors.
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PMID:Enhancement of amphetamine anorexia after chronic administration of sulpiride in rats. 851 71

We have attempted to provide a progress report on current research on the role of catecholamines and serotonin receptor subtypes in feeding control. Recent evidence suggests that only some of the several catecholamine receptor subtypes are specifically involved in feeding control. They include the beta 1/2-adrenoceptors, the alpha 1-adrenoceptors and the D1 dopamine receptors: stimulation of these receptors reduces feeding in rats. Stimulation of serotonergic 5-HT1B and 5-HT2C receptors reduces feeding and perhaps enhances the satiating effect of food. Recently, an interesting reciprocal relation between serotonin and cholecystokinin has been discovered in relation to feeding control. The serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors are involved in stress-induced anorexia and regulate the hyperphagia induced by neuropeptide Y in the nucleus paraventricularis of the hypothalamus. Both effects may involve changes in the secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor. These findings may help elaborate neuronal models of feeding control and perhaps facilitate progress in the pharmacotherapy of human obesity and eating disorders.
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PMID:Pharmacology of ingestive behaviour. 876 44

The author examines the functions of child masturbation in the development of narcissim and distinguishes a demarcation function, a compensation function and a function serving to establish autonomy. In Binswanger's view, certain reactions to child masturbation on the part of parents may affect the interactive relationship between the child and the parent representing the primary object in such a way as to thwart or undermine these functions. The result is the appearance of masturbation substitutes in the form of certain symptoms. Binswanger distinguishes "horrified", "liberal", and "eroticized" reactions by parents, relating the first to compulsion neurosis, the second to obesity, and the third to anorexia/bulimia. The author illustrates his hypotheses with copious references to cases from his own practice.
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PMID:[Childhood masturbation--a genetic viewpoint, especially in anorexia and bulimia nervosa]. 876 92

Tumor-bearing rats exhibited significant decreases in 1- to 4-h intake of rat chow following the intrahypothalamic injection of 2 micrograms neuropeptide Y (NPY). This refractory feeding response was present prior to the onset of anorexia and became more severe as anorexia worsened. The constant infusion of NPY (125 ng/h) into the perifornical hypothalamus of TB and control rats elicited increased feeding for only 2 days. Because chromatography revealed minipump NPY to be intact after 10 infusion days, downregulation of NPY receptors may have occurred. Daily injection of increasing doses of NPY stimulated ad lib feeding in non-TB rats, while having no effect on TB rats. Desensitization to NPY-induced feeding following daily injections of the peptide was suggested by the loss of feeding response to a dose (500 ng) of NPY that increased food intake prior to the daily NPY treatments. These results suggest that hypothalamic NPY feeding systems are refractory in TB rats, even before they exhibit anorexia. In addition, a rapid loss of the feeding response occurred in rats with constant infusion of NPY into hypothalamic tissue or with daily intrahypothalamic injections of the peptide, suggesting possible NPY receptor-mediated alterations. Therefore, control of obesity or anorexia through NPY feeding mechanisms may prove difficult due to rapid compensatory receptor changes.
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PMID:Assessment of feeding response of tumor-bearing rats to hypothalamic injection and infusion of neuropeptide Y. 884 69

The response to cholecystokinin (CCK) as a satiety peptide in obesity or anorexia has been tested mainly in extreme models of food intake control. In the present study, the effect of CCK-8S on food intake was investigated in a nongenetic and less-stressful model of obesity due to unspecific early postnatal overfeeding in male and female rats. Reducing the normal litter size of ten to three newborn rats on day 3 of life led to an enhanced food intake resulting in an increased body weight until adulthood. Freely fed male and female, normal and obese rats were given 10 micrograms/kg CCK-8S i.p. on day 41 and 40 micrograms/kg CCK-8S on day 91 of life and food intake was measured for 24 h. Compared with treatment with saline (i.p.) 1 day before the test, the lower dose of 10 micrograms/kg CCK-8S reduced food intake for 2 h in normal, but not in obese rats. Conversely, the higher dose of 40 micrograms/kg CCK-8S reduced food intake in both normal and obese rats for 2 h, but this effect was more evident in the obese rats. Moreover, the satiating effect of CCK-8S was more pronounced and longer lasting in male than in female rats. In summary, the data suggest that the response to CCK-8S differs in normal and obese rats and depends on sex.
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PMID:Obesity induced by unspecific early postnatal overfeeding in male and female rats: hypophagic effect of CCK-8S. 887 70

This paper describes a framework for involving schools in primary and secondary prevention of eating disturbances. The issues of why, what, who, and how are considered. Research on the prevalence and consequences of obesity, anorexia and bulimia nervosa, unhealthy dieting, and behaviors such as binge eating and purging indicates why prevention is necessary. Research on the etiology of eating disturbances also provided a basis for determining what factors need to be addressed. However, research has not adequately addressed the question of who should be targeted for prevention and how the topic of prevention should be approached. While different approaches to school-based prevention programs are possible, a comprehensive school-based program is recommended. Important components of a comprehensive program include staff training, classroom interventions, integration of relevant material into existing curriculum, individual counseling and small group work with high risk students, referral systems, opportunities for healthy eating, modifications within the physical education program, and outreach activities. This type of comprehensive program is based on an ecological model for health promotion and aims at the modification of both individual and environmental determinants of behavior.
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PMID:School-based programs for preventing eating disturbances. 893 12

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) induces anorexia when administered acutely or chronically into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at doses that yield estimated pathophysiological concentrations. Enhanced sensitivity to IL-1 beta-induced anorexia has been observed in animal models of obesity, including the obese (fa/fa) Zucker rat. Obesity is also associated with increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA expression in adipose tissue. This suggests that obese individuals may have dissimilar sensitivity to cytokine action and differential regulation of cytokine production. In this study, we investigated the regulation of the IL-1 beta system (IL-1 beta, IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1RI) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra)) in the central nervous system (CNS) in response to the chronic intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) microinfusion (via osmotic minipumps) of 8 ng IL-1 beta/24 h/72 h-a dose that yields estimated pathophysiological concentrations in the CSF. IL-1 beta, IL-1RI and IL-1Ra mRNAs were determined by sensitive RNase protection assays in brain target regions for IL-1 beta (cerebellum, parieto-frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and midbrain). The results show that chronic i.c.v. microinfusion of IL-1 beta increased the IL-1 beta mRNA, IL-1R1 mRNA and IL-1Ra mRNA levels in the hypothalamus > cerebellum in both obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/Fa) Zucker rats. IL-1 beta mRNA levels also increased in the cortex, hippocampus and midbrain of obese (fa/fa) rats. The profiles of IL-1 beta mRNA, IL-1RI mRNA and IL-1Ra mRNA in the same hypothalamic samples obtained from obese or lean rats were highly intercorrelated. However, no significant differences in the level of IL-1 beta system mRNAs induction were observed in any brain region between obese and lean rats. On the other hand, levels of rat glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA were fairly constant, and heat-inactivated IL-1 beta (8 ng/24 h/72 h) had no effect on IL-1 beta, IL-1RI and IL-1Ra mRNAs levels in any brain region. The data suggest: (1) the operation of an IL-1 beta feedback system (IL-1 beta/IL-1Ra/IL-1RI) in brain regions; (2) that enhanced sensitivity of obese rats to IL-1 beta-induced anorexia is not dependent on changes in the brain IL-1 beta system at the mRNA level; and (3) that the present novel approach can be used to investigate the molecular basis of cytokine action in the CNS.
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PMID:Molecular regulation of the brain interleukin-1 beta system in obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/Fa) Zucker rats. 903 35

The male adolescent may present several endocrinological problems, the most frequent of which is the retardation or absence of puberty due to constitutional delay of growth and development. This form does not require therapy and must be distinguished from other forms of hypogonadism (primitive or secondary) by endocrine tests (LHRH test, nightly pulses LH secretion, plasmatic basal level of testosterone and after HCG, cerebral NMR). Hypogonadism treatment consists of replacement therapy with testosterone or testes stimulation with HCG or LHRH. Another frequent disease is gynecomastia, usually due to physiological enlargement of mammary gland during pubertal development, sometimes it may be secondary to hypogonadism, tumors, liver function abnormalities. Severe or psychologically disturbing gynecomastia can be corrected by reductive mammoplasty. Very often, adolescents may present diseases related to incorrect food habits. Obesity is common and anorexia is becoming an important problem also in males.
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PMID:[Endocrinologic problems of the male adolescent]. 904 25

Pathophysiological and pharmacological concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) induce anorexia in normal rats. Obesity in humans and rodents is associated with increased TNF-alpha messenger RNA and protein levels in various cell types. This suggests that obese individuals may have differential regulation of cytokine production and dissimilar responsiveness to cytokines. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinfusion of TNF-alpha (50, 100, and 500 ng/rat), IL-1 beta (1.0, 4.0, and 8.0 ng), and TNF-alpha (100 ng) plus IL-1 beta (1.0 ng) on obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/Fa) Zucker rats. The results show that: TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta, and the concomitant administration of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta decreased the short-term (4 hours), nighttime (12 hours), and total daily food intakes in obese and lean rats; IL-1 beta was more potent relative to TNF-alpha; obese rats showed greater responsiveness to IL-1 beta: 8.0 ng IL-1 beta, for example, decreased the 12-hour food intake by 52% in obese and 22% in lean rats. On the other hand, obese and lean rats did not exhibit a significantly different responsiveness to the anorexia induced by 50, 100, or 500 ng TNF-alpha at the 4-hour period; and the concomitant ICV administration of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta induced anorexia with additive (4-hour period) or synergistic (12-hour and 24-hour periods) effects in obese rats. The effect of TNF-alpha plus IL-1 beta in lean rats was greater than additive for the 12-hour and 24-hour periods. The difference in suppression of total daily food intake by TNF-alpha plus IL-1 beta in obese (-43%) versus lean (-23%) rats was significantly different (p < 0.01). The results show that obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/Fa) Zucker rats have differential responsiveness to the ICV microinfusion of two different classes of cytokines.
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PMID:Differential responsiveness of obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/Fa) Zucker rats to cytokine-induced anorexia. 906 14


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