Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied plasma concentrations of TSH (basal and after TRH), thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3; rT3), free T4 and free T3 in thirty obese subjects, twenty patients with anorexia nervosa, fifteen malnourished subjects and twenty normal weight subjects. Total serum T4 values were similar for the four groups of subjects while serum free T4 values were slightly increased in anorexia nervosa and normal in the other groups. Serum total and free T3 levels were both significantly decreased in anorexia nervosa and malnutrition, and within normal limits in obesity. The mean serum rT3 level was increased in anorexia nervosa and malnutrition while was reduced in obesity. A delay in peak response of TSH to TRH stimulation (30' rather than 20') was noted in anorexia and malnourished patients. The results suggest that these alterations of serum iodothyronines are due to a different peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 according to nutritional status.
 ...
PMID:Thyroid function in altered nutritional state. 641 28

This paper emphasizes the need for adequate nutrition in order to sustain normal growth in adolescence. The special needs of the adolescent athlete and the pregnant teenager are also reviewed. Adolescent athletes require added nutrient intake for optimal performance. And, if pregnancy occurs, it imposes severe nutritional demands on the adolescent which must be met to prevent low birthweight infants. Although many teenagers consume a good deal of their food outside of the home, there seems to be little evidence of widespread nutritional deficiencies except with respect to iron. However, there is a high incidence of obesity and anorexia among female adolescents and these disorders are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Nutritional needs of the female adolescent. 646 80

A variety of recent literature suggests that brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an important role in the control of feeding. One such line of evidence is that pharmacological inhibition of brain GABA transaminase (GABA-T) produces dose-dependent anorexia in otherwise normal rats. To determine the generality of these findings we tested the ability of the GABA-T inhibitor ethanolamine-O-sulfate (EOS), to produce anorexia in three animal models of obesity: rats with medial hypothalamic lesions, rats exposed to palatable foods or Zucker fatty rats. Following intracisternal injection of 100, 200 or 400 micrograms EOS, all three models of chronic overeating showed dose-dependent anorexia of similar magnitude and duration to that seen in appropriate controls. These observations provide empirical support for previous suggestions that treatments which enhance brain GABA neurotransmission merit investigation for their potential use in treating excess energy consumption.
 ...
PMID:Anorectic potency of inhibiting GABA transaminase in brain: studies of hypothalamic, dietary and genetic obesities. 653 93

Overeating and obesity relative to controls was produced by multiple bilateral injections of 0.5 mg of amphetamine in the lateral ventricles of female rats eating a palatable, high fat diet. This behavioral and physiological rebound following the expected period of anorexia was accompanied by long-term depletion of dopamine in the striatum and of norepinephrine in the hypothalamus. This suggested the next experiment in which 50 micrograms of amphetamine were injected repeatedly in the lateral hypothalamus; again a brief period of anorexia was followed by hyperphagia and chronic obesity. This suggests that amphetamine acts in the lateral hypothalamus not only to suppress feeding, but in high doses it may also have local neurotoxic effects that cause an upward shift in body weight maintained by overeating.
 ...
PMID:Amphetamine-induced hyperphagia and obesity caused by intraventricular or lateral hypothalamic injections in rats. 657 83

Many authors have pointed that precocious weaning expose infants to serious risks as hypernutrition, obesity, adverse reactions to foods, hypernatremia, dental caries, emotional problems as anorexia or bulimia, so that actually weaning is delayed after 6th month of age. Going on with the "adapted" formula is a relative nonsense because "adapted" milks have low protein and calcium contents so that they are not adequate to cover estimated and advisable intakes of 4-6 month baby unless feeding unusual higher volumes. On the other side "fresh milk" can not be considered a nutritional "chance", owing its low values of EFA, iron, vitamins, getting worse when fresh milk is diluted. So, recently was born a new milk formula "the follow up milk", on covering nutritional requirement for infants after 4 months of age. Someone is still critical about a follow up milk, also if ESPGAN in 1981 has confirmed its value in the infant feeding. Our work dealed on physical and biochemical nutritional assessment of 100 infants fed a new "liquid follow up formula" (Transilat). Nutritional assessment was performed with the following parameters: daily changes in weight according Fomon standards, plasmatic iron, cholesterol, transferrin, calcium, total proteins, hemoglobin concentration; all data are related to literature values for age. Results show that infants fed (Transilat) are growing well; nutritional data from biochemical point of view discovered any form of minimal or sporadic malnutrition. The follow up milk is a good nutritional "chance" after 4th month of age, instead of fresh cow milk; some infant with clinical problem needing a delayed introduction of cow milk can benefit of follow up milk also in older ages.
 ...
PMID:["Follow-up milk": general principles and evaluation of the nutritional status of 100 subjects fed a liquid transitional formula]. 664 69

Fifty women with refractory obesity received phentermine resinate. Seven were withdrawn because of side-effects: three developed severe headaches, one each hypertension, depressive symptoms, breathlessness and palpitations with irritability. The mean weight loss in the 34 who completed the 20-week study was 6.4 kg. Nine lost 10 kg or more. Sustained appetite suppression was related to weight loss. Plasma phentermine concentrations did not correlate with the severity of the obesity problem, the degree of subjective anorexia or with weight loss. Poor initial response to standard dosage of phentermine is unlikely to improve with higher dosage. The individual's response to phentermine is unpredictable and appears to relate to factors other than the plasma drug concentration.
 ...
PMID:Plasma phentermine levels, weight loss and side-effects. 665 75

Children recovering from severe malnutrition on a milk based diet have low plasma zinc concentrations: children recovering on a soya based diet have much lower plasma zinc concentrations, lower rates of weight gain, and higher energy costs of tissue deposition. However, they do not demonstrate the clinical features of anorexia, diarrhea, and skin lesions usually associated with zinc deficiency. We therefore supplemented 16 children with zinc acetate on the basis that a therapeutic response to zinc constitutes the best evidence of a preexisting zinc deficiency. Fourteen of the 16 children had an immediate and definite increase in their rate of weight gain with zinc supplementation. This was associated with a decrease in the energy cost of tissue deposition, regrowth of the thymus, and activation of the sodium pump. We conclude that the children were indeed zinc deficient. We suggest that the anorexia of zinc deficiency is related to an inability to metabolize nitrogen in the zinc deficient state, and that our children did not show an appetitive response because of the relatively low protein content of the diets we used. Based on the premise that the abnormalities seen in our children may have been secondary to mild zinc deficiency, we suggest that limitation of lean tissue synthesis, with resultant obesity, and a propensity to infection are the major features of a mild zinc deficiency. Children undergoing a period of "catch up" weight gain or growth should have supplemental zinc, particularly if they have had diarrhea or if the use of a soya based formula is contemplated.
 ...
PMID:Effect of zinc supplementation on the dietary intake, rate of weight gain, and energy cost of tissue deposition in children recovering from severe malnutrition. 678 72

The thermogenic activity of ephedrine, ethinyloestradiol and triiodothyronine were compared by incorporating the drugs into the diets fed to groups of adult rats and mice. The animals used were normal lean mice, hypothalamic obese mice, dietary-induced obese mice and rats, and genetically obese mice and rats. Food intake and body weight were monitored throughout and oxygen consumption measurements were made. Finally, the animals were killed and their carcasses analysed. Generally, ethinyloestradiol reduced body weight by causing anorexia. Triiodothyronine increased oxygen consumption but also increased food intake such that in most cases body weight did not change; it killed the genetically obese animals, but reduced fat in the hypothalamic and dietary induced obese animals. The animals treated with ephedrine lost body weight and body fat without increasing food intake, and had elevated oxygen consumptions. This experiment not only demonstrated marked differences between the various laboratory animal models of obesity, but also that ephedrine is a potential slimming agent. It is relatively safe and has been used by us to obtain successful breeding using the genetically obese male animals which are normally sterile.
 ...
PMID:Thermogenic drugs for the treatment of obesity: screening using obese rats and mice. 683 Jan 40

The clinical syndromes described with lesions of the hypothalamus are summarized in Table 9.5-9.7. The anterior hypothalamic syndrome consists of insomnia and loss of thirst regulatory mechanisms. In occasional larger lesions which interrupt the output from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, diabetes insipidus has been noticed. In the tuberal region of the hypothalamus the most prominent findings are those that are caused by the disruption of the final common pathway to the pituitary. This results in endocrinopathy, most often the syndrome originally reported by Frohlich, with failure of sexual maturation and obesity. In the tuberal region, differences between lesions of the medial and lateral portions are quite marked. Medial lesions result in obesity while bilateral lesions result in anorexia and emaciation. The diencephalic syndrome of infancy with it's severe emaciation in young years and obesity in later years clearly indicates a different organizational pattern in the neonatal hypothalamus. Emotional disorders may be seen with lesions either in the medial or lateral hypothalamus at the tuberal level. Finally, in the posterior hypothalamic region, which includes the greatest effector apparatus, hypersomnia, apathy, and poikilothermia have been reported. Emotional disturbances and the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome also seemed to be associated with lesions in this area. The hypothalamus remains the single most important integrator of vegetative and endocrinologic regulation of the body. Cushing said of the hypothalamus, "here in this hidden spot, almost to be covered with a thumb nail, lies the very main spring of primitive existence: vegetative, emotional and reproductive".
 ...
PMID:Surgical syndromes of the hypothalamus. 727 50

Regulation of hunger and satiety is a complex process thought to be controlled by a complex interplay of neurotransmitters in the hypothalamic region of the brain. Reduced food intake or anorexia has also been observed under various disease or disorder conditions including AIDS and cancer. On the other hand, increased appetite because of some impairment of central mechanisms regulating the food intake could also cause/obesity. A large number of substances including neuropeptides, hormones, drugs, and synthetic peptides have been implicated in the regulation of appetite and food intake behavior in normal as well as disease or disorder conditions. Most of these substances are not directly involved in the regulation of normal hunger and satiety but exert their effect indirectly via other media. Some of them are involved under certain pathologic conditions and during the course they become involved directly or indirectly in the triggering of hunger and satiety regulatory mechanism. Recently, we have been able to isolate and purify an endogenous proteoglycan from membranes of animal and plant sources. This membrane anchored proteoglycan termed as 'Satiomem' reduces food intake without any rebound effects and has no apparent toxicity. It also fulfils all the criteria of a true satiety or anorexigenic substance. The release of satiomem from the cell surface could be mediated by a specific phospholipase-C. Satiomem seems to be involved in transducing activating signals and may also act as a source of second messenger for the regulatory mechanism of appetite. This article summarizes the regulatory aspects of hunger and satiety mechanisms controlled by endogenous substances with the emphasis on our present knowledge about satiomem.
 ...
PMID:A step towards developing the expertise to control hunger and satiety: regulatory role of satiomem--a membrane proteoglycan. 765 74


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>