Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Even the normal adolescent must incorporate into his body image radical changes in size, body proportions, and sexual characteristics. Obesity and anorexia, which are commonplace, may be sensitive problems to deal with.
 ...
PMID:Weight problems in adolescence. 104 51

To explore recent suggestions that genetically obese Zucker rats show less anorexia when brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is elevated, obese vs. lean littermates received 100, 50 and 0 micrograms of the GABA-transaminase inhibitor, ethanolamine-O-sulfate (EOS), intra-cisternally in a longitudinal design where their feeding patterns were monitored 24 h daily. Obese rats were refractory to EOS-induced anorexia as evidenced by less suppression of daily food intake and fewer alterations to both meal size and meal frequency, particularly in the night. This effect was not due to an inability of EOS to increase brain GABA since equivalent, specific dose-dependent increments were seen in the brains of separate obese vs. lean rats after analysis of endogenous GABA and seven other amino acids. An unexpected finding was elevated levels of brain taurine for obese rats regardless of EOS dosage, implying a hitherto unknown neurochemical trait whose potential significance is unclear. The primary data obtained provide further support for recent hypotheses that obese Zucker rats possess altered brain GABAergic mechanisms that may serve as one contributor to their over-eating.
 ...
PMID:Effects of increasing brain GABA on the meal patterns of genetically obese vs. lean Zucker rats. 132 68

Thermogenic combinations of ephedrine with caffeine and newer selective beta 3-agonists are being assessed for the treatment of obesity. The actions of beta-agonists may be multifaceted, with acute stimulation of thermogenic mechanisms in various tissues. During chronic treatment recruitment of brown fat may occur and hypertrophy of skeletal muscle may occur and simultaneously increase lean body tissue and reduce fat mass by stimulation of lipolysis and energy expenditure. The weight-reducing effect of an ephedrine-caffeine combination was superior to placebo treatment during 24 wk of energy restriction in obese women, whereas caffeine and ephedrine separately had no effect. In a second study it was found that ephedrine-caffeine compared with placebo preserved fat-free mass and enhanced fat loss, which could be accounted for both by anorexia (75%) and by increased thermogenesis (25%). The ephedrine-caffeine compound seems useful for the treatment of obesity and may serve as reference in the clinical assessment of new beta-agonists.
 ...
PMID:Pharmacology of thermogenic drugs. 134 87

Centrally acting appetite suppressant drugs used in the treatment of obesity fall into 2 broad pharmacological categories; those which act via brain catecholamine pathways and those which act via serotonin pathways. Of the former group, amphetamine and phenmetrazine are no longer recommended because of their stimulant properties and addictive potential. The remaining drugs in this class include amfepramone (diethylpropion), phentermine, mazindol and phenylpropanolamine. All have been shown to reduce appetite and lower food intake, thereby helping obese patients more easily keep to a low-calorie diet and lose weight. They all have some sympathomimetic and stimulant properties. Anorectic drugs which promote serotonin neurotransmission have no such stimulant or sympathomimetic properties. They are fenfluramine, together with its recently introduced dextrorotatory stereoisomer dexfenfluramine, and fluoxetine. They reduce appetite and food intake and are effective in the treatment of obesity. Anorectic drugs should be reserved for those who are clinically at risk from being overweight, and then only as part of a comprehensive weight-reducing programme including regular dietary counselling. Although current licensing regulations only allow their use over a relatively short period (12 to 16 weeks), clinical trials have shown them to be effective over longer periods, particularly in preventing weight regain. Of the compounds currently indicated for use in obesity, dexfenfluramine appears to have the most suitable pharmacological profile, although it should not be given to patients with a history of depression. When used appropriately, appetite suppressants can be of real therapeutic benefit, and pose little risk.
 ...
PMID:Appetite suppressants. A review. 137 55

Previous observations have shown that oral administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) without dietary prescriptions causes anorexia, decreased food intake, and weight loss in obese subjects. To confirm these data over a longer period of observation and to verify whether adherence to dietary restriction could be improved by 5-HTP, 20 obese patients were randomly assigned to receive either 5-HTP (900 mg/d) or a placebo. The study was double-blinded and was for two consecutive 6-wk periods. No diet was prescribed during the first period, a 5040-kJ/d diet was recommended for the second. Significant weight loss was observed in 5-HTP-treated patients during both periods. A reduction in carbohydrate intake and a consistent presence of early satiety were also found. These findings together with the good tolerance observed suggest that 5-HTP may be safely used to treat obesity.
 ...
PMID:Eating behavior and adherence to dietary prescriptions in obese adult subjects treated with 5-hydroxytryptophan. 138 5

Records of 11 patients undergoing biliary reconstruction after laparoscopic cholecystectomy are reviewed. Ductal injuries resulted from failure to define the anatomy of Calot's triangle. Risk factors include scarring, acute cholecystitis, and obesity. Presenting findings included anorexia, ileus, failure to thrive, pain, ascites, and jaundice. All patients required hepaticojejunostomies, which were multiple and above the hepatic bifurcation in four patients. Given the extensive nature of these injuries and the frequent need for intrahepatic anastomosis and early stenosis of repairs by referring physicians, we recommend reconstruction be undertaken by an experienced hepatobiliary surgeon. To avoid injuries, a greater appreciation of risk factors and anatomic distortion and variance and strict adherence to principles of dissection and identification of anatomic structures are suggested. The use of cholangiography and a low threshold for conversion to the open procedure are advised.
 ...
PMID:Laparoscopic bile duct injuries. Risk factors, recognition, and repair. 153 9

Emphasis has been placed on the understanding of the regulation of food intake in the hope of aiding the battle against obesity and of helping to ameliorate the anorexia of cancer and eating disorders. Available data suggest that the regulatory system is multifaceted and complex. This review focuses on current research on the regulation of appetite and satiety by carbohydrates, fats, and proteins as well as by artificial sweeteners. Some methodological problems and potential mechanisms of action at the biochemical level are discussed. Evidence suggests that organisms are more successful in defending against calorie dilution than in adjusting to increases in calories. The implications of that defense relative to the use of ersatz nutrients are explored.
 ...
PMID:The influence of food on food intake: methodological problems and mechanisms of action. 174 52

Hypothalamic tissue levels of nine regulatory peptides (bombesin, calcitonin gene-related peptide [CGRP], galanin, neuromedin B, neuropeptide Y [NPY], neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide [VIP]) were compared in Aston obese diabetic (ob/ob) and lean (+/?) mice aged 4, 16, and 28 weeks. Neurotensin concentrations were significantly lower in ob/ob mice than in lean mice, with a 20% reduction (P = .03) in the whole hypothalamus at 4 weeks of age, a 24% reduction (P = .009) in the lateral hypothalamus at 16 weeks, and a 50% reduction (P = .0007) in the central hypothalamus at 28 weeks of age. Apart from a 42% increase in vasoactive intestinal peptide concentrations in the central hypothalamus of ob/ob mice at 28 weeks (P = .02), levels of the other eight peptides examined did not differ significantly between obese and lean groups. Neurotensin is known to cause anorexia and increased energy expenditure when injected into the central hypothalamus. Reduced hypothalamic neurotensin concentrations may reflect reduced neurotensinergic activity, which might contribute to hyperphagia and decreased energy expenditure, two major defects that contribute to obesity and diabetes in the ob/ob syndrome.
 ...
PMID:Reduced hypothalamic neurotensin concentrations in the genetically obese diabetic (ob/ob) mouse: possible relationship to obesity. 194 36

Advantages of CAPD in diabetic uremic patients may offer better control of visual and neurological disease. There remain some undesired side effects, i.e: obesity, blood lipid imbalance and loss of appetite due to glucose absorption. In February 1988 four diabetic uremic CAPD patients (2 males and 2 females with an average age of 62.25 +/- 11.32, range 52-76) began treatment substituting one of the usual glucose exchanges with 1% aminoacid solution. Treatment time averaged 52 months (range 9-17). Each month the patients were examined clinically and via blood chemistries. Every 3 months clearances, residual renal function, ocular fundus and motor nerve conductance velocity were measured. Plasma nitrogen increased, while triglycerides, cholesterol and total protein remained unchanged; bicarbonate decreased causing slight acidosis. There were no significant variations of either clearances or ultrafiltration and the quantity of insulin administered decreased. Results confirm that a 1% aminoacid solution can be used as an osmotic agent in peritoneal dialysis to prevent some of the complications such as blood lipid imbalance. The slight acidosis can be corrected by increasing the buffer content of the bag.
 ...
PMID:CAPD in diabetics: use of aminoacids. 198 40

The physiologic and behavioral basis of normal canine and feline feeding is given in detail. Abnormalities of ingestive behavior include obesity and anorexia in both species, flank or blanket sucking in Doberman Pinschers, coprophagia and stone chewing in dogs, and wool chewing in cats. Drinking behavior is discussed briefly, and the abnormalities of hypernatremia (a failure of thirst) and psychogenic polydipsia and polyphagia are reviewed.
 ...
PMID:Feeding and drinking behavior problems. 205 51


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>