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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The criteria for the diagnosis of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have still not been agreed universally. A population of 1741 women with PCOS were studied, all of whom had polycystic ovaries seen by ultrasound scan. The frequency distributions of the serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and prolactin and the body mass index, ovarian volume, uterine cross-sectional area and endometrial thickness were determined and compared with the symptoms and signs of PCOS. Obesity was associated with hirsutism and an elevated serum testosterone concentration and was also correlated with increased rates of infertility and cycle disturbance. The rates of infertility and cycle disturbance also increased with serum LH concentrations > 10 IU/l. A rising serum concentration of testosterone [mean and 95th percentiles 2.6 (1.1-4.8) nmol/l] was associated with an increased risk of hirsutism, infertility and cycle disturbance. The ovarian volume was correlated with serum concentrations of testosterone, LH and the body mass index, which was also correlated with the uterine area. This descriptive data from the largest reported series of women with PCOS enables the development of a management-orientated approach to the syndrome. Women who are overweight can expect an improvement in their symptoms if they lose weight. An elevated concentration of LH (> 10 IU/l) is associated with infertility and treatment should be chosen accordingly. If the serum testosterone concentration is > 4.8 nmol/l, other causes of hyperandrogenism should be excluded.
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PMID:Polycystic ovary syndrome: the spectrum of the disorder in 1741 patients. 856 49

In hyperprolactinemic patients an exaggerated glucose-induced insulin secretion has been reported, but these results have not been confirmed by other researchers. On the other hand, there are few data concerning somatotrope secretion in this condition. In order to clarify these points, in seven normal weight hyperprolactinemic female patients (HP: age 18-46 years, body mass index = 21.8 +/- 0.6 kg/m(2), basal prolactin = 91.7 +/- 16.5 micrograms/l) we studied the effects of glucose load (100 g orally) and/or arginine (0.5 g/kg infused over 30 min) on insulin glucose and growth hormone (GH) levels. These results were compared with those obtained in seven patients with simple obesity (OB: age 23-48 years, body mass index = 38.3 +/- 2.6 kg/m(2)) in whom exaggerated insulin and low GH secretion are well known. Seven normal women (NS: age 26-32 years, body mass index = 20.6 +/- 1/9 kg/m(2)) were studied as controls. The insulin response to glucose in HP (area under curve = 11,460.8 +/- 1407.5 mU x min x l(-1)) was not significantly different from NS (7743.7 +/- 882.9 mU x min x l(-1)) and OB (14,504.8 +/- 1659.9 mU x min x l(-1)). The arginine-induced insulin release in HP and OB was similar (4219.4 +/- 631.7 and 4107.3 +/- 643.2 mU x min x l(-1), respectively), both being higher (p < 0.02) than in NS (2178.1 +/- 290.9 mU x min x l(-1). Glucose and arginine had an additive effect on insulin release in HP and NS (19,769.1 +/- 3249.6 and 10,996.6 +/- 1201.0 mU x min 1(-1), respectively) and a synergistic effect in OB (28 117.3 +/- 5224.7 mU x min x l(-1)). In HP the insulin response to the combined administration of glucose and arginine was not significantly different from the one in OB, and both were higher (p < 0.05) than in NS. The increase in glucose levels after glucose administered on its own or combined with arginine was higher (p < 0.02) and longer lasting in OB than in NS and HP. After arginine in OB, the glucose levels did not show the late decrease under baseline values observed in HP and NS. Glucose inhibited GH secretion both in HP and NS (p < 0.05), while arginine stimulated it in all groups, although the GH response in HP and NS was higher (p < 0.03) than in OB. The arginine-induced GH secretion was inhibited by glucose in HP and NS but not in OB. These results demonstrate that both in hyperprolactinemic patients and in obesity there is a clear increase in insulin secretion. The insulin hyperresponsiveness in hyperprolactinemia is more clearly demonstrated by combined stimulation with glucose and arginine. In spite of similar insulin hypersecretion in hyperprolactinemic and obese patients, GH secretion is reduced only in the latter; with these data the hypothesis that somatotrope insufficiency in obesity is due to hyperinsulinism is unlikely.
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PMID:Effects of glucose load and/or arginine on insulin and growth hormone secretion in hyperprolactinemia and obesity. 881 Jul 34

Smoking exerts influences on the secretion of several hormones which are abnormal in obesity. Previous studies have mainly been performed in non-obese men, and data from non-obese and obese women are scarce. The aim of the present study was therefore to identify the effect of smoking on hormone secretions in obese and lean female smokers. The study was performed in 10 obese and 8 lean, premenopausal, healthy smokers. All subjects were tested once under experimental and once under control conditions (not smoking) in randomized order. The women smoked two non-filtered cigarettes during 4 minutes each. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured 30 minutes before smoking, at the start of smoking (time 0) and then after 5, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. Blood samples were taken for determination of serum concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) at the same time points except at 5 minutes. Heart rate rose in both groups during smoking. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was increased only in the obese subjects. Cortisol and ACTH increased in both groups, while TSH, PRL and GH were unchanged in both groups. We conclude that lean and obese smoking women seem to respond rather similarly to smoking in the hemodynamic and endocrine variables measured in this report with the possible exception of blood pressure where the obese women tended to show more pronounced increases.
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PMID:Influence of smoking on hormone secretion in obese and lean female smokers. 882 56

The symptoms of 81 premenopausal and 70 menopausal women were studied to determine the association with obesity, attitudes towards sexuality (ATS), and diverse hormone values: fasting and postprandial glucose (FG, PG) and insulin (FI, PI), cortisol, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The mean age of the women studied was 49.1 years. The frequency of symptoms was 35.4% for depression, 34.3% for nonspecific symptoms of depression (NSSD), 38.6% for empty nest syndrome (ENS), and 42.3% for anxiety. NSSD, ENS, FSH and cortisol levels all possessed higher values at late-menopausal stage. A multiple regression analysis revealed the following results; NSSD was associated to ATS (negative); sleep alterations were correlated to prolactin, FSH, PI/PG, FI/FG and waist/hip ratio; FSH was associated with both a decreased sexual interest and depression. In the study of hormone levels it was found that cortisol, insulin and FI/FG were associated with ATS; PI, cortisol, FI/FG and PI/PG were associated with body mass index (BMI) and FSH; prolactin and FI/FG were associated with age. We concluded that: (1) data indicative of insulin resistance correlated to both depression and sleep alterations; (2) overweight is related to NSSD, sleep alterations, and hormonal changes.
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PMID:Symptoms at the menopausal and premenopausal years: their relationship with insulin, glucose, cortisol, FSH, prolactin, obesity and attitudes towards sexuality. 883 92

Dopaminergic system seems to influence the regulation of insulin secretion, although in man conflicting data are reported. Furthermore, bromocriptine (BRC), a dopaminergic agonist, has been recently found to inhibit the seasonally occurring hyperinsulinemia and the increase in body weight in the hamster. On this basis, we investigated the effect of BRC on spontaneous and stimulated insulin secretion in human obesity. Six obese (BMI: 33.2 +/- 1.6 Kg/m2) underwent the administration of: 1) arginine (ARG, 0.5 g/Kg iv in 30 min), 2) BRC (2.5 mg po), 3) ARG+BRC. In each test plasma glucose and serum insulin, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin levels were determined. BRC did not significantly reduce spontaneous and ARG-induced insulin release. Baseline and stimulated glucose levels were also unchanged. BRC determined an increase in GH levels (3.7 +/- 1.3 vs 0.5 +/- 0.3 microgram/l, p < 0.05), but failed to modify the somatotrope responsiveness to ARG. On the other hand, both spontaneous and stimulated PRL secretion were reduced by BRC (2.5 +/- 0.4 vs 6.7 +/- 1.1 micrograms/l, p < 0.05 and 0.8 +/- 1.9 vs 11.0 +/- 2.1 micrograms/l, p < 0.05, respectively). Our results show that in obese patients the acute activation of dopaminergic receptors by bromocriptine fails to modify both basal and ARG-induced insulin release, while inhibits spontaneous and stimulated PRL secretion. Our data also show that the low GH response to arginine in obesity is not improved by the coadministration of bromocriptine, in agreement with the hypothesis that both substances act by the same mechanism, i.e. inhibition of endogenous somatostatin release.
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PMID:Effect of bromocriptine on insulin, growth hormone and prolactin responses to arginine in obesity. 886 1

A defect in the structure of the obese gene is responsible for development of obesity in the ob/ob mouse. The product of expression of the gene is the protein hormone leptin. Leptin causes weight loss in ob/ob and normal mice, it is secreted by adipocytes, and it is an important controller of the size of fat stores by inhibiting appetite. The ob/ob mouse is infertile and has a pattern of gonadotropin secretion similar to that of prepubertal animals. Consequently, we hypothesized that leptin might play a role in the control of gonadotropin secretion and initiated studies on its possible acute effects on hypothalamic-pituitary function. After a preincubation period, hemi-anterior pituitaries of adult male rats were incubated with leptin for 3 hr. Leptin produced a dose-related increase in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) release, which reached peaks with 10(-9) and 10(-11) M leptin, respectively. Gonadotropin release decreased at higher concentrations of leptin to values indistinguishable from that of control pituitaries. On the other hand, prolactin secretion was greatly increased in a dose-related manner but only with leptin concentrations (10(-7)-10(-5) M). Incubation with leptin of median eminence-arcuate nuclear explants from the same animals produced significant increases in LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) release only at the lowest concentrations tested (10(-12)-10(-10) M). As the leptin concentration was increased, LHRH release decreased and was significantly less than control release at the highest concentration tested (10(-6) M). To determine if leptin can also release gonadotropins in vivo, ovariectomized females bearing implanted third ventricle cannulae were injected with 10 microg of estradiol benzoate s.c., followed 72 hr later by microinjection into the third ventricle of leptin (0.6 nmol in 5 microl) or an equal volume of diluent. There was a highly significant increase in plasma LH, which peaked 10-50 min after injection of leptin. Leptin had no effect on plasma FSH concentrations, and the diluent had no effect on either plasma FSH or LH. Thus, leptin at very low concentrations stimulated LHRH release from hypothalamic explants and FSH and LH release from anterior pituitaries of adult male rats in vitro and released LH, but not FSH, in vivo. The results indicate that leptin plays an important role in controlling gonadotropin secretion by stimulatory hypothalamic and pituitary actions.
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PMID:Role of leptin in hypothalamic-pituitary function. 902 76

To evaluate its potential utility in counteracting neuroleptic-induced obesity, the effects of long-term administration of tamoxifen (TAM) on body weight (BW) and food intake (FI) of gonadally intact and sulpiride-treated (SUL) female rats were assessed. In addition, estradiol and prolactin serum levels were measured in rats treated with SUL. SUL plus TAM and SUL plus bromocriptine (BR). TAM, at doses of 10, 50 and 100 micrograms, significantly decreased BW gain: FI was significantly reduced at the doses of 50 and 100 micrograms. In addition, doses of TAM ranging from 5-100 micrograms completely prevented SUL-induced BW gain and hyperphagia. BR also prevented SUL effects on BW and FI. In contrast to BR, concomitant administration of TAM did not prevent SUL-induced hyperprolactinemia. Estradiol levels were not modified by SUL alone or SUL plus BR, but they were significantly increased in the animals treated with TAM plus SUL. Neuroleptic-induced obesity in female rats might be related to an alteration in gonadal steroid balance secondary to hyperprolactinemia. While BR might counteract neuroleptic-induced weight gain by preventing hyperprolactinemia, TAM might directly interact with estrogen receptors, or indirectly increase estradiol levels. The use of TAM in preventing neuroleptic-induced obesity in humans warrants further investigation.
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PMID:Tamoxifen prevents sulpiride-induced weight gain in female rats. 916 75

In order to assess if an oral glucose load has any effect on serum prolactin levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in 30 patients with PCOS and 20 controls, with normal or abnormal body mass index (BMI). OGTT resulted in decreased prolactin levels, being significant only in patients with PCOS and in controls with normal BMI. Our results show that obesity is an important inhibiting factor of serum prolactin level suppression which occurs with a mild suppressive test, as the OGTT; however, hyperandrogenemia may also play an inhibiting role in serum prolactin level suppression.
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PMID:Suppression of serum prolactin levels after an oral glucose tolerance test in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. 928 26

1. To test the hypothesis that lithium-induced body weight gain is related to an unbalance in the reproductive hormones, lithium carbonate (900 mg/day) or placebo was administered to healthy men for 1 month. 2. Body weight, skin folds and the serum levels of thyrotropic hormone, tetraiodothyroxine, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone (T5), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), estradiol (E2), cortisol, the ratios E2/T5 and T5/DHEA-S, and blood lipids were evaluated before and during treatment. 3. Body weight, skin folds, hormones and lipids serum levels were not significantly affected by the treatment with Li. These results agree with previous reports of lack of effects of 1 month-Li administration on appetite and body weight in normal male subjects (Chen et al., 1992), and question the appropriateness of studying Li-induced obesity in healthy volunteers, given the short-term administration and low doses of Li that must be used.
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PMID:Effects of lithium carbonate on reproductive hormones in healthy men: relationship with body weight regulation--a pilot study. 938 Jul 90

Metabolic and endocrine abnormalities secondary to hyperprolactinemia, particularly hypogonadism, may be involved in the excessive body weight gain observed during treatment with antipsychotic drugs. The present study was conducted in healthy men in order to detect an endocrine imbalance secondary to antipsychotic drug administration, which, if sustained in the long term, might be involved in the development of obesity. Sulpiride (200 mg daily for 30 days) or placebo was nonblindly administered, and body weight gain was correlated with the serum levels of prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, free testosterone, thyrotropic hormone, free tetraiodothyroxine, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S), and the ratios estradiol/testosterone and testosterone/DHEA-S; the blood lipids were also assessed. Body weight gain and the serum levels of prolactin were significantly increased by sulpiride; in addition, a significant positive correlation was observed between prolactin levels and body weight gain. Other endocrine parameters were not significantly affected by the drug. These short-term results show that in healthy men, body weight can be increased by antipsychotic drug administration; this effect may be related to hyperprolactinemia alone, since other endocrine parameters were normal at the time of treatment. A more prolonged treatment with antipsychotic agents might be required to observe the alterations in gonadal and adrenal steroids often detected in subjects with primary obesity.
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PMID:Effects of the antipsychotic drug sulpiride on reproductive hormones in healthy men: relationship with body weight regulation. 944 47


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