Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The administration of monosodium-L-glutamate (MSG) during the neonatal period is known to result in central nervous system lesions in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the retina. Rodents so treated exhibit behavioral deficts and endocrinopathies including obesity, hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, pituitary atrophy, tail automutilation and diminished locomotor activity. Assessment of endocrine status revealed normal serum levels of glucagon, thyroid-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and diminished levels of thyroid hormones and growth hormone in MSG-treated rats. Prolactin levels were elevated in the glutamate-treated male rats. Within the brain hypothalamic levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, and somatostatin were unchanged. Measurement of neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter-related enzymes in individual hypothalamic nuclei derived from MSG-treated rats revealed normal levels of norepinephrine, serotonin and glutamic acid decarboxylase, but reduced levels of choline acetyltransferase and dopamine in the arcuate nucleus and median eminence. Histochemical methods for visualization of dopamine and acetylcholinesterase in the mediobasal hypothalamus confirmed these findings. The MSG-treated animals exhibited a normal diurnal rhythm of pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity. These data indicate that the MSG-induced endocrine deficiency syndrome results at least partly from destruction of cholinergic and dopamingeric tuberoinfundibular systems in the hypothalamus.
 ...
PMID:Models of neuroendocrine regulation: use of monosodium glutamate as an investigational tool. 3 35

The presenting signs, symptoms, roentgenographic findings, endocrine evaluations, treatment, and results in 68 cases of presumed pituitary adenomas treated over an 18-year period are discussed. The most common symptoms were headache, acromegalic changes, visual symptoms, and amenorrhea. Most common physical findings were obesity, acromegaly, and visual field defects, usually bitemporal hemianopsia. Roentgenographic evidence of sellar erosion was almost universal but angiography and pneumoencephalography were required to evaluate suprasellar extension. Brain scan was not considered a particularly useful diagnostic tool. Endocrine status was best evaluated by a battery of tests including 17-OH, 17-KS, T3, T4, PBI, ACTH stimulation, and FSH and STH levels. (Prolactin levels are currently being obtained, also). Surgical specimens were obtained in 29 patients, with subsequent diagnoses of 22 chromophobe adenomas, five eosinophilie adenomas, one cystic adenoma, and one necrotic tumor. All five eosinophilic tumors came from acromegalic patients. Patients treated by operation alone or operation followed by radiotherapy generally had less "medical morbidity" than did patients who received radiotherapy alone.
 ...
PMID:Review of 18 years' experience with pituitary tumors. 19 48

Prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) secretions in mice rendered obese by the administration of gold thioglucose (GTG) are abnormal. The objective of the present experiments was to determine whether the effects were related to the drug or to the resultant obesity. Perphenazine-induced PRL release in normal mice and in GTG-injected non-obese mice was compared to that of GTG-injected obese mice after the initial development of obesity, after body weight reduction by diet control and after the resumption of obesity by ad lib. feeding. The GTG-injected mice which did not become obese had greater (50%) than normal levels of serum PRL following perphenazine stimulation in 2 of 3 experiments. This suggested that the injection of GTG directly affected the control mechanism for PRL secretion, but that the abnormal PRL secretion was probably not the cause of obesity that develops after GTG treatment. Perphenazine-induced PRL levels in mice rendered obese with GTG were much greater (2-3 times higher than normal). However, the unusually high levels of PRL were totally abolished when the body weights of these mice were brought down to normal by dietary restriction. Conversely, when obesity was permitted to recur by giving the mice free access to food, PRL levels reverted back to the original obese pattern. The concentrations of GH were usually lower than normal in GTG-obese mice, and these levels were also more often associated with the development of obesity than with the injection of GTG. The data show a marked influence of obesity on the control of PRL and GH secretions in the mouse.
 ...
PMID:Control of prolactin and growth hormone secretion in mice by obesity. 78 57

During pregnancy estrogen-medicated augmented prolactin secretion is presumably responsible for a 10-20 fold increase in circulating plasma prolactin; significant differences in basal levels between nursing and nonnursing women persist into the puerperium, reflecting the influence of sucking on maternal plasma prolactin. The release of prolactin is induced via a neurogenic pathway from nipple to hypothalamus and it is proportionate to the length of nursing and to the intensity of the stimulus. There is evidence supporting catecholamine/serotonin control of prolactin release, and the influence of changes in hypothalamic dopamine turnover. The composition of human milk is dependent on various factors; overall, fat composition is 2-5% and protein 9% at 3 weeks and 5% thereafter; milk delivers 20-25 calories per ounce; total fluid and nutritional requirements of the newborn can be met by breastfeeding up to 6 months postpartum. Maternal malnutrition negatively affects lactation; gestational, rather than progestational, food intake influences lactation. Immunity in the newborn is provided also by breast milk through immunoglobulins, thus enhancing the child's protection against internal pathogens. The incidence of gastrointestinal disorders is 1.5/1000 in breastfed infants, and 84.7/1000 in bottle fed infants; the incidence of respiratory infection is .4/1000 and 48/1000, respectively. Prolactin may exert an inhibitory influence on ovarian steroidogenesis, and gonadotropin secretion is disrupted by nipple stimuation; this may account for the low percentage of ovulation among nursing mothers. Lactational amenorrhea has been proven to have great demographic impact; dramatic variations in fertility on the basis of variations in lactational amenorrhea have been described in rural areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Reduction of lactational amenorrhea results not only from changes in sociocultural patterns, but from improved maternal nutrition, often through nutrition programs. When nursing has to be interrupted because of complications full lactation may be restored by oral administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Breastfeeding is possible in 99% of women; the denial of lactation may cause the retention of unwanted weight, which can be compounded by the use of oral contraceptives. Moreover, infantile obesity may stem from the lack of a satiety signal in bottle fed newborns.
 ...
PMID:Mechanisms of puerperal lactation. 83 86

Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral anodic electrolytic lesions with platinum-iridium (PtIr) electrodes in the ventromedial (VMN) and dorsomedial (DMN) hypothalamic areas. Sham-operated rats served as controls. The rats were maintained for 48 days (experiment 1) and 33 days (experiment 2) and food intake, body weight (b.w.), nose-tail length and obesity index were recorded. The data of both experiments indicate that all parameters change in the same direction, as they do when lesions are produced with anodic stainless steel electrodes: in the VMN-P-lesioned animals, b.w. gains and overall mean food intake were normal, carcass fat increased and linear growth was reduced. In experiment 2, however, there was a temporary hyperphagia during the 1st 2 weeks of the study. In the DMN-lesioned rats, both ponderal and linear growth and food intake were decreased but body composition was normal. Plasma obtained at sacrifice in experiment 2 showed slight but significant hyperinsulinemia in the VMN rats (p less than 0.02 vs control and p less than 0.05 vs DMN rats). Prolactin (PRL) levels, on the other hand, were higher in the DMN-lesioned rats (p less than 0.05 vs control and p less than 0.02 vs VMN rats). The data indicate that the changes characteristic of the weanling rat VMN and DMN syndrmes are due to 'true' tissue destruction rather than to artifactitious side effects of the lesions. They also suggest, therefore, than an 'irritative focus' hypothesis is not required to account for the observed alterations. They further suggest that the DMN may play role in the control of PRL release.
 ...
PMID:Production of weanling rat ventromedial and dorsomedial hypothalamic syndromes by electrolytic lesions with platinum-iridium electrodes. 102 49

Prolactin and aldosterone secretion and renin activity in the plasma were measured in the course of thyroliberin (TRH) test in women with various endocrine diseases, both connected with the water-salt metabolism disturbances and without these--with the idiopathic edemas (n = 11), hypothyrosis (n = 16), Stein-Leventhal'syndrome (n = 6), and obesity (n = 8). A reciprocal relationship between prolactin concentrations (a drastic elevation) and aldosterone levels (lowered) were revealed, as were universal responses of both the hormones to TRH administration in patients with various conditions. The authors come to a conclusion on the absence of a stimulating effect of prolactin on aldosterone secretion and plasma renin activity. They suggest an indirect contribution of prolactin to the regulation of the renin-aldosterone system, probably via dopaminergic mechanisms.
 ...
PMID:[Interrelationships between prolactin and the renin-aldosterone system in patients with various endocrine diseases]. 148 May 91

Pathological hyperprolactinaemia (PH) is significantly associated with: (1) paternal deprivation during childhood, (2) depression, (3) non-specific symptoms including obesity and weight gain. The clinical onset of the symptoms often follows pregnancy or a loss. Prolactin is an insulin antagonist which does not promote weight gain. Hyperprolactinaemia and increased metabolic efficiency are parts of a system of interdependent behavioural and metabolic mechanisms necessary for the care of the young. We call this system, which is available as a whole package, maternal subroutine (MS). An important number of cases of PH are due to activation of the MS that is not induced by pregnancy. The same occurs in surrogate maternity and in some animal models. Most women with PH developed a malignant symbiotic relationship with their mothers in the setting of absence, alcoholism or devaluation of the father. These women may regress to early developmental stages to the point that they identify themselves both with their lactating mother and with the nursing infant as has been found in psychoanalysed patients and in the paradigmatic condition of pseudopregnancy. Such regression can be associated with activation of the MS. Prolactinomas represent the extreme of the spectrum of PH and may result from somatic mutations occurring in hyperstimulated lactotrophs.
 ...
PMID:Hyperprolactinaemia as a result of immaturity or regression: the concept of maternal subroutine. A new model of psychoendocrine interactions. 151 20

Prolactin reactions in response to insulin hypoglycemia and prolactin levels were examined in 20 obese women of reproductive age at various time of the day. In one group prolactin response to stimulation with insulin hypoglycemia was normal, in another group an increase in the level of prolactin was unnoticed. Both groups were compared with healthy controls. Two types of obesity (upper and lower) were investigated. A conclusion has been made that the absence of prolactin reaction in response to insulin hypoglycemia and an insufficient rise of prolactin at night are noted more frequently in women with upper type of obesity suggesting more profound endocrine derangements in them as compared to women with lower type obesity.
 ...
PMID:[Induced and spontaneous prolactin secretion in young, obese women]. 178

A 23 year-old woman was admitted to our hospital, complaining of sterility and obesity. Her serum TSH and Prolactin were abnormally high, and her serum T3, T4 were low. Contrast-enhanced computerized tomographic (CT) scan revealed a round mass in the sella and suprasellar region. A transsphenoidal operation was then performed. The intrasellar mass was composed of a soft liquid-like part and a solid part. Only the soft liquid-like part of the mass was removed. Histological examination showed the typical appearance of chromophobe adenoma, Reticulin stain of the specimen revealed no reticular network. The remnant of the mass was considered to be hyperplasia because the size of the mass decreased on serial CT scan after thyroid hormonal replacement. Sometimes it may be difficult to distinguish between hyperplasia and adenoma. The application of reticulin stains is considered to be useful for differentiation between hyperplasia and adenoma.
 ...
PMID:[A case of pituitary adenoma and hyperplasia with primary hypothyroidism]. 189 18

To elucidate further the role of opioid systems in the neuroendocrine alterations associated with obesity, we investigated the effect of the synthetic enkephalin analogue DAMME in 11 obese subjects and 10 lean controls. Prolactin responses to DAMME were similar in lean and obese, even in those obese subjects who had absent prolactin responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. The obese showed impaired growth hormone release after both DAMME and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia compared to the lean subjects. The discordance of prolactin responses to DAMME and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in the obese suggests that altered opioid systems are unlikely to account for the hypothalamic dysfunction present in obesity.
 ...
PMID:The effect of enkephalin analogue on pituitary hormone release in human obesity. 310 84


1 2 3 Next >>