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Overweight and obesity prevalence among adolescents is increasing worldwide and may be associated with increased risk for the development of obesity and chronic diseases in adulthood. Dissatisfaction with weight and body shapes is a contributor to the growing incidence of adolescent eating disorders. Our purpose was to compare the relationship between body weight and body image in a convenience sample of rural and urban girls. We also wanted to examine the influence of the mothers on their daughters by asking the girls how their mothers would classify their body shapes. Three hundred and forty adolescent Egyptian schoolgirls representing Cairo and surrounding rural areas were studied. The girls were from private and public schools. Weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were measured. Body image was determined by asking participants to indicate which of five silhouettes of a female body most closely resembled her own current body size. We also asked them to select the silhouette that closely resembled their mothers' current body size. Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reference standards, 35% of the girls were > or = 85th percentile, while 13% were > or = 95th percentile. Overweight was more prevalent in urban than rural girls and in those with higher socio-economic status than in lower socio-economic status girls. Girls' perceptions of how their mothers viewed their bodies differed from how the girls viewed their own bodies. From a policy point of view, these data underscore the need to consider not only the health risks associated with overweight and its distribution on the body, but also the weight and body image of the target audience in the design of clinical and public health intervention programs worldwide.
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PMID:Rural urban differences in weight, body image, and dieting behavior among adolescent Egyptian schoolgirls. 1270 Dec 32

To assess the prevalence of obesity and overweight in adolescent girls between 10-15 years of age, among the affluent families of Chennai--two studies are compared using body mass index (BMI) as a parameter. The first study done in the year 1981 (Group I) was compared with the second study in 1998 (Group II). Group I had 707 and group II had 610 girls. Overweight and obesity were denoted by BMI above 85th and 95th percentile respectively. Results showed a 9.6% prevalence of overweight and 6% prevalence of obesity in both studies. It was also observed that the BMI for the same age in the two study periods showed an increase from 1981 to 1998. BMI approximated the international reference values for BMI at age 13 years in the year 1998.
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PMID:Prevalence of overweight and obesity in affluent adolescent girls in Chennai in 1981 and 1998. 1273 6

The evidence for the adverse effects of obesity on women's health is overwhelming and indisputable. Obesity, especially abdominal obesity, is central to the metabolic syndrome and is strongly related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women. Obese women are particularly susceptible to diabetes, and diabetes, in turn, puts women at dramatically increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity substantially increases the risk of several major cancers in women, especially postmenopausal breast cancer and endometrial cancer. Overweight and obesity are associated with elevated mortality from all causes in both men and women, and the risk of death rises with increasing weight. Curbing the twin epidemics of obesity and diabetes calls for not only changes in diet and lifestyle at individual levels but also changes in policy, physical and social environment, and cultural norms.
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PMID:Overweight and obesity in women: health risks and consequences. 1273 15

Overweight and obesity have reached epidemic proportions in the United States. More than 61 percent of Americans aged 20 years and older are overweight and one-fourth of American adults are obese (an estimated 97 million), putting them at serious risk for poor health (DHHS, 2001). Yet, trends show that obesity continues to increase at alarming rates in men and women in most population groups. Among children six to seventeen years old, there seems to be an "obesity" crisis. Since 1980, the number of overweight children has doubled, and the number of overweight adolescents has tripled. In addition to being a major health hazard, obesity is associated with approximately 300,000 deaths a year in this country (DHHS, 2001; Kucz-Marski, R., Flegal, Campbell, & Johnson, 1994).
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PMID:The physiology of obesity. 1285 42

Overweight and obesity have become an urgent public health problem in the United States: approximately 61% of the adult population (97 million adults) are overweight or obese, where overweight is defined as a body mass index (BMI) >/= 25 and obesity is defined as a BMI >/= 30. Overweight and obesity increase the risk for developing many serious chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and certain cancers. Increased morbidity due to obesity-related disorders begins within the normal weight range. Weight gain in adulthood per se, even in individuals who are normal weight, has deleterious health effects. Medications, particularly those commonly used in psychiatry and neurology, are a significant iatrogenic source of overweight and obesity. The weight gain potential of prescription medications should be considered in order to enhance patient compliance and reduce the risk of metabolic sequelae of weight gain. This article provides an overview of the weight-gain potential of several classes of drugs commonly used in psychiatric practice and considerations for clinicians in prescribing these medications.
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PMID:Weight gain in the treatment of mood disorders. 1289 38

This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of obesity and overweight in adolescent public school girls ( 10-15 years of age) of Chennai in 1981 and 1998. The first part of the study done in the year 1981 (Group I; n = 707) was compared with the second part in 1998 (Group II; I = 610). Overweight and obesity were denoted by body mass index (BMI) above 85th and 95th percentile respectively. The prevalence of overweight (9.6 per cent in 1981 and 9.7 per cent in 1998) and obesity (5. 9 per cent in 1981 and 6.2 per cent in 1998) was comparable in both studies. It was also observed that the BMI for the corresponding age showed an increase front 1981 to 1998.
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PMID:Prevalence of overweight and obesity in affluent adolescent girls in Chennai in 1981 and 1998. 1500 13

Overweight and obesity have become major public health concerns in the United States, reaching epidemic proportions among adults and children in recent years. According to the most recent national surveys, American adults have experienced a 50% increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Moreover, an alarming 100% increase has been observed among children and adolescents since the 1970s. To assess the status of overweight and obesity prevalence among youth in the Carolinas, weight, height, waist, and hip circumferences were monitored during routine cholesterol screenings among 11- to 14-year-olds in two school districts. Of the twelve hundred students screened, 32.4% percent were overweight and 16.4% were obese, exceeding national averages of 22% and 11%, respectively. The overweight and obesity prevalence rates were even more dramatic when broken down by gender and ethnic/racial groups. For instance, 54% of black girls and 45% of black boys were overweight, and better than half of these students were obese. Overweight and obesity prevalence rates among black girls were nearly twice the rates observed for white girls. Ethnic differences in percentage of overweight and obese boys were not as great as those observed among girls. A number of factors may contribute to the unprecedented levels of overweight and obesity observed among American youth, including physical inactivity, poor nutritional habits (i.e., high-fat meals and snacks, and super-sizing), economic, and social factors. Consequently, the coordinated efforts of physicians, school nurses, teachers, parents, and students will be necessary to effectively address the growing problem of childhood obesity.
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PMID:Overweight and obesity prevalence rates among youth in the Carolinas. 1297 Sep 74

We describe overweight and obesity prevalence in Shenzhen school children (2146 girls and 2428 boys) aged 7 to 12 years, Guangdong Province, China. Nineteen percent of boys and 11% of girls were overweight or obese. Boys had odds of almost 2 to 1 (1.92, 95% CI 1.62,2.27) of being overweight or obese compared to girls and children aged 9 years and over were at greater odds of being overweight or obese than those aged 7 years (p<0.05). Overweight and obesity prevalence among children from Shenzhen rivals that of children from developed nations. Current obesity levels in Shenzhen may represent future levels for urban China.
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PMID:Overweight and obesity in children from Shenzhen, Peoples Republic of China. 1549 98

Overweight and obesity are major contributors to both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Moreover, individuals with type 2 diabetes who are overweight or obese are at particularly high risk for CVD morbidity and mortality. Although short-term weight loss has been shown to ameliorate obesity-related metabolic abnormalities and CVD risk factors, the long-term consequences of intentional weight loss in overweight or obese individuals with type 2 diabetes have not been adequately examined. The primary objective of the Look AHEAD clinical trial is to assess the long-term effects (up to 11.5 years) of an intensive weight loss program delivered over 4 years in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Approximately 5000 male and female participants who have type 2 diabetes, are 45-74 years of age, and have a body mass index >or=25 kg/m(2) will be randomized to one of the two groups. The intensive lifestyle intervention is designed to achieve and maintain weight loss through decreased caloric intake and increased physical activity. This program is compared to a control condition given diabetes support and education. The primary study outcome is time to incidence of a major CVD event. The study is designed to provide a 0.90 probability of detecting an 18% difference in major CVD event rates between the two groups. Other outcomes include components of CVD risk, cost and cost-effectiveness, diabetes control and complications, hospitalizations, intervention processes, and quality of life.
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PMID:Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes): design and methods for a clinical trial of weight loss for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. 1450 58

The Health Council of the Netherlands has issued a report on overweight and obesity. These are considered major threats to personal health, the public health care services and economic welfare. Overweight and obesity are no longer considered variations of the norm, but as a disease. As genetically predisposing factors cannot be influenced, major initiatives to contain further deterioration of the problem must be on environmental factors i.e. on macronutrient intake and physical exercise. Special target groups (young people, people of low socioeconomic status and immigrants) need to be defined. Government, health care organisations, industry and the general public should work together to combat overweight and obesity. The chances of success are not predictable but are certainly big enough to justify action.
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PMID:[Overweight and obesity; recommendations from the National Health Council]. 1453 96


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