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 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is a need for reeducation of the population, especially in developed countries, as to the value of cereals in the diet. Cereals provide calories and important nutrients to the diet. Refined cereal products and unrefined cereals have certain advantages and disadvantages. With refinement, some nutrients and fiber are removed, but the body is better able to make use of certain nutrients. Essential nutrients are being replaced through fortification to compensate for losses in processing. The high fiber content of unrefined cereal products is believed to aid in the prevention of certain diseases. Special dietary bakery products have been introduced for the treatment of conditions generally exacerbated by standard food items. The increased consumption of cereal products appears warranted as a means of decreasing the saturated fat and cholesterol consumption. Cereals and cereal products have been mentioned in connection with allergies, celiac disease, schizophrenia, obesity, dental caries, cancer, atherosclerosis, goiter, and diverticulosis. This review discusses the possible role of cereals in the prevention or cause of these health problems.
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PMID:The nutritional and physiological impact of cereal products in human nutrition. 33 51

Crude fiber (CF) is the residue of plant food left after extraction by dilute acid followed by dilute alkali. Dietary fiber (DF), a new term, is the residue of plant food resistant to hydrolysis by human alimentary enzymes. DF is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; these constituents are not reported in food tables. For instance, whole wheatmeal has DF about 11%, CF about 2%. It is suggested that a new term, dietary fiber complex (DFC), should include all substances of DF plus all chemical compounds naturally associated with, and concentrated around, these structural polymers. CF supplies from starchy staples, wheat and potato, in England and Wales were probably stationary from 1770 to 1860, fell greatly from 1860 to 1910, rose during food controls in 1942 to 1953, and declined slightly from 1954 to 1970. It is postulated that fiber is a protective factor against certain colonic disorders, such as diverticular disease, and certain metabolic diseases, such as ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. These three diseases had changing trends of mortality rates in England during the food control years. Westernization of African diets is accompanied by a large fall in CF from starchy foods and vegetables and an increased prevalence of the same three diseases.
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PMID:Definition of dietary fiber and hypotheses that it is a protective factor in certain diseases. 77 66

Recent treatment of young patients (aged 40 years or less) with complicated diverticulitis prompted us to review our experience. During a 9-year period ending in December 1990, 61 of 238 patients treated for acute diverticulitis were 40 years of age or younger. The younger patients were primarily obese Hispanic males in whom the correct diagnosis was frequently missed. Younger patients more frequently required an operation on an urgent basis for complications of diverticulitis during the initial hospitalization. The most common indication for operation in young patients was perforation compared with recurrent disease for the older age group. The younger group had a sevenfold incidence of enteric fistulas complicating their acute episode of diverticulitis. Our data suggest that diverticular disease in young patients is more common and more likely to require early surgical intervention than previously noted. In addition, obesity may represent an important etiologic factor in the development of diverticular disease.
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PMID:Virulent diverticular disease in young obese men. 144 67

Reports of adults with Williams syndrome (WS) have been rare. We have evaluated 13 adult WS patients and reviewed 16 case reports of WS in patients older than age 16 years. Adults in our study had progressive multisystem medical problems. Cardiovascular complications were common (12/13) including hypertension (8), supravalvular aortic stenosis (9), aortic hypoplasia (3), pulmonic artery stenosis (4), peripheral stenoses (3), and mitral valve prolapse (2). Joint limitation (12/13) was progressive, often accompanied by kyphoscoliosis and lordosis. Recurrent urinary tract infections in 6 individuals led to radiologic studies showing urethral stenosis in 2, and bladder diverticula and vesicoureteral reflux in 3. Gastrointestinal problems included obesity (5), chronic constipation (7), diverticulosis (3), and cholelithiasis (4). Hypercalcemia was documented in 5 patients, although others had hypercalcemic symptoms (abdominal pain, polyuria, and constipation). One 45-year-old man had parathyroid hyperplasia. Previous reports likewise document significant morbidity. Thus, Williams syndrome in an adult appears to dictate aggressive evaluation and monitoring. Investigation of calcium metabolism should be undertaken in each adult WS patient.
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PMID:Adults with Williams syndrome. 189 83

Technological advances have reduced and refined man's plant food intake and consequently brought about an unprecedented decline in his consumption of dietary fibre (DF). The emergence of certain diseases selectively in regions which have been affected the most by this dietary change has led to an enhanced awareness of the functions of DF. DF is a heterogeneous group of substances which resist digestion by the endogenous enzymes of the human gut, although they are fermented to a substantial extent by the bacterial flora of the large intestine. Chemically, DF essentially consists of nonstarch polysaccharides and lignin, and its major constituents are cellulose, hemicelluose, lignin and pectin. The physiological effects of DF are attributable largely to its physicochemical properties. DF primarily affects gastrointestinal (GI) function; its effects are observable at all stages from ingestion through defaecation. It restricts caloric intake, shows gastric and small intestinal transit, and affects the activity of digestive enzymes and release of GI hormones. Its overall impact is to reduce apparent digestibility of nutrients marginally but consistently. In the large intestine, DF accelerates transit, supports bacterial growth and serves to hold water. As a result, the faecal weight and water content increase, and the transit time generally becomes shorter. Secondary to its GI effects, DF attenuates postprandial glycaemia and has long term effects on glucose tolerance and lipoprotein metabolism. These effects have important implications in the aetiopathogenesis of constipation and its sequelae including diverticulosis, cholesterol gallstones, colorectal cancer, obesity, diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. DF has traditionally been used therapeutically for constipation; now its use in diabetes is also well established. Our appreciation of the role of DF in human nutrition has undergone a major change in the last two decades. From a redundant constituent of plant foods, it has now moved to the position of an essential nutrient, the deficiency of which seems to have serious consequences.
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PMID:Dietary fibre: consensus and controversy. 301 Mar 80

Recent studies of vegetarian diets and their effects on morbidity and mortality are reviewed. Vegetarian diets are heterogeneous as are their effects on nutritional status, health, and longevity. Mortality rates are similar or lower for vegetarians than for nonvegetarians. Risks of dietary deficiency disease are increased on vegan but not on all vegetarian diets. Evidence for decreased risks for certain chronic degenerative diseases varies. Both vegetarian dietary and lifestyle practices are involved. Data are strong that vegetarians are at lesser risk for obesity, atonic constipation, lung cancer, and alcoholism. Evidence is good that risks for hypertension, coronary artery disease, type II diabetes, and gallstones are lower. Data are only fair to poor that risks of breast cancer, diverticular disease of the colon, colonic cancer, calcium kidney stones, osteoporosis, dental erosion, and dental caries are lower among vegetarians. Reduced risks for chronic degenerative diseases can also be achieved by manipulations of omnivorous diets and lifestyles.
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PMID:Health aspects of vegetarian diets. 304 2

From 1968 to 1975 105 patients with adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, FIGO clinical Stage I, were randomly allocated to receive, prior to hysterectomy, either a single implant with Heyman capsules and/ or tandem and ovoids, or external megavoltage irradiation. There were no significant differences between the two study arms with respect to distribution of age, uterine size, obesity, frequency of diverticular disease, or histologic grade. Complications were graded rigorously to assure recording all possible treatment related complications and to minimize under-reporting of complications not obviously or directly attributable to the radiation. Fifty-five patients received intracavity irradiation and experienced 5 - and 10-year actuarial disease-free survivals of 80% and 67%, respectively, as compared to 70% and 59% for 50 patients who received external beam. There were only 4 recurrences in the intracavitary group versus 14 in the external beam group. One half of the recurrences in each group were in the pelvis. Major complications occurred with equal frequency in both groups, but minor complications were much more frequent in the external beam group. The differences in survival, recurrences and minor complications were statistically significant, with P values of 0.023, 0.03, and less than 0.02, respectively. With the techniques utilized here, intracavitary radiation is thus seen to be superior to external beam irradiation in terms of higher disease-free survival, lower frequency of recurrence and fewer complications.
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PMID:Preoperative radiation therapy in Stage I endometrial adenocarcinoma. II. Final report of a clinical trial. 636 Mar 34

Ureteral catheters are recommended when a difficult pelvic dissection is anticipated to minimize the risk of ureteral injuries. With the introduction of laparoscopic-assisted colectomy, it has become necessary to replace tactile with visual feedback. Lighted ureteral catheters (LUC) have been advocated for major laparoscopic pelvic surgery as a means of enhancing ureteral identification. However, the use of LUC has been anecdotal to this point. We present the first series of selectively used LUC during laparoscopic-assisted colectomy. Forty-nine consecutive laparoscopic-assisted colectomies were reviewed in which patients had LUC placed or not (NC) [LUC,24(49%); NC, 25(51%)]. Indications for catheter insertion included complicated diverticular disease, previous pelvic surgery, and obesity. The need for LUC was at the discretion of the surgeon. Data collected included catheter visualization, type of procedure, operative time, operating room cost, and catheter or ureteral complications. Catheters were visualized in 5 of 6 (83%) right colectomies and 15 of 18 (83%) left colectomies. Nonvisualization was because of migration to the bladder (2 cases) and dense inflammatory reaction (2 cases). No catheter complications or ureteral injuries occurred in either group. Operative time (LUC, 192 +/- 11.3 min, NC, 161.4 +/- 9.5 min) was significantly longer in the LUC group as a result of the time for catheter insertion and the greater complexity of the case. The operating room cost was similar in the two groups (LUC, $3488.63 +/- 259.01; NC, $3537.56 +/- 313.43). The results indicate that selected use of LUC does significantly increase operating time without significantly increasing operating room cost or operative morbidity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:An initial experience with lighted ureteral catheters during laparoscopic colectomy. 788 Nov 43

In recent years, many health claims have been made about dietary and supplemental fiber. However, some reports (eg, those regarding oat bran) have been controversial. A review of scientifically rigorous studies shows that fiber has some preventive or therapeutic benefits in irritable bowel syndrome, diverticulosis, colorectal cancer, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. However, it appears to have no direct benefit in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, gallstones, or obesity. The United States has one of the lowest per capita intakes of fiber in the world. Therefore, increasing daily fiber intake either through diet or with supplements is recommended for most Americans. Consumer interest groups should lobby for more fiber-enriched foods. The challenge for education and healthcare professionals alike is to remold the nation's interest in and understanding of dietary fiber.
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PMID:Benefits of dietary fiber. Myth or medicine? 863 64

In this review of the scientific literature on the relationship between vegetable and fruit consumption and risk of cancer, results from 206 human epidemiologic studies and 22 animal studies are summarized. The evidence for a protective effect of greater vegetable and fruit consumption is consistent for cancers of the stomach, esophagus, lung, oral cavity and pharynx, endometrium, pancreas, and colon. The types of vegetables or fruit that most often appear to be protective against cancer are raw vegetables, followed by allium vegetables, carrots, green vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, and tomatoes. Substances present in vegetables and fruit that may help protect against cancer, and their mechanisms, are also briefly reviewed; these include dithiolthiones, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, allium compounds, isoflavones, protease inhibitors, saponins, phytosterols, inositol hexaphosphate, vitamin C, D-limonene, lutein, folic acid, beta carotene, lycopene, selenium, vitamin E, flavonoids, and dietary fiber. Current US vegetable and fruit intake, which averages about 3.4 servings per day, is discussed, as are possible noncancer-related effects of increased vegetable and fruit consumption, including benefits against cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, obesity, diverticulosis, and cataracts. Suggestions for dietitians to use in counseling persons toward increasing vegetable and fruit intake are presented.
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PMID:Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: a review. 884 Nov 65


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