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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The nosological, clinical, aetiopathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of hyperandrogenic micropolycystic ovary are examined with particular reference to matrimonial sterility. There is not doubt about the existence of a syndrome substantially characterized, clinically, by menstrual trouble, inability to procreate, more or less evident signs of hyperandrogenism and a tendency to obesity and, morphologically, by ovarian micropolycystic alterations of typical pathognomonic aspect: the marked production of androgens on the part of the female gonad possibly accompanied by peripheral alterations interfering with their metabolism. The syndrome is not too frequent and, in personal experience, occurs in less than 1% of the series. The main therapeutic approach remains cuneiform resection of the ovary. Still in personal experience, 21.2% of cases treated led to pregnancy but not more than eight-ten months after operation. The effect would therefore appear to be transitory and the operation is decisively rejected where unmarried women are involved.
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PMID:[Etiopathogenetic and clinical notes on the syndrome of the micropolycystic hyperandrogenic ovary and matrimonial sterility]. 83 89

This review underlines the concept that multiple factors are responsible for hypercholesterolemia in the American public. Dietary factors (cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, and obesity) clearly raise the cholesterol level, and they are important causes of borderline-high cholesterol. Still, the unexplained decline of LDL receptor activity with aging contributes importantly to borderline-high levels and cannot be ignored. The loss of estrogen-stimulated LDL receptor synthesis after menopause is an important contributor to elevated cholesterol in postmenopausal women. In addition, several genetic defects inherited singly appear to be responsible for moderate hypercholesterolemia. Some of these defects may represent genetic hypersensitivity to diet, and dietary therapy alone may provide adequate cholesterol lowering. Other defects impart resistance to dietary control, and use of a single cholesterol-lowering drug may be required. With the exception of heterozygous FH, most cases of severe hypercholesterolemia appear to be the result of the coexistence of at least two defects in LDL metabolism, and as a rule, they can be treated successfully only by using cholesterol-lowering drugs in combination.
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PMID:George Lyman Duff Memorial Lecture. Multifactorial etiology of hypercholesterolemia. Implications for prevention of coronary heart disease. 193 66

In the prospective Basel longitudinal study on aging (1955-1978) 123 men (age at entry from 6-61 years) were investigated in 2 year (average) intervals. Complete case histories are available on 67 subjects over the entire period (19.6 +/- 0.85 years). Part I of the study was to confirm the hypothesis of Bernstein and of Steinhaus, according to which life expectancy can be estimated from the speed of development of presbyopia. Parallel to the measurement of accommodation range (after preliminary determination of refraction and visual acuity), the development of height, body weight, vital capacity, expiratory volume, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, blood pressure, ECG and pulse wave velocity were measured. Invasive investigations were not undertaken. Only when hypertension was combined with obesity was the diminution of accommodation range striking (Fig. 10c; however there were only 3 subjects in this risk group). Taking everything into consideration there was a concomitance between decrease of accommodation range and changes of medical parameters (Table 6). Intercurrent illness did not influence the accommodation range. Longitudinal measurements and cross-sectional comparisons (data averaged to the same point as of the same age) were carried out. The results did not always coincide. We could not confirm the hypothesis of Bernstein and of Steinhaus. In Part II the results of the objective measurements are given. Apparently growth of the skull does not stop entirely. The increase of interpupillary distance can be complete at 17 years of age, but also can continue to the 30th year. The palpebral fissure increases an average of 3 mm more horizontally between the 6th and the 20th year of life. The corneal diameter remains constant in all age classes, that is, the growth of the cornea should be complete before the 6th year of life. Early arcus senilis changes are found already in the 20-year-old. The increase in the course of time of arcus senilis is obvious, it is most pronounced in obese hypertensives. Still there are persons who at 65 years of age show no arcus senilis. In the 20th year degenerative deposits in the conjunctiva begin. They increase in number and above the 60th year all subjects showed degenerative deposits. Aqueous veins are less visible in younger subjects. With increasing age--as a result of degenerative thinning of the conjunctiva--they are recognizable in ever greater numbers. The depth of the anterior chamber attains its greatest extent between the 20th and the 30th year.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The Basel longitudinal study on aging (1955-1978). Ophthalmo-gerontological research results. 362 22

Previous reports have shown the prevalence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes to be high amongst several populations living in the South and Central Pacific region, and a number of factors including a sedentary life-style, urban residence, obesity and genetic factors have been implicated in its aetiology. Amongst some populations increasing parity has been shown to be associated with abnormal glucose tolerance, but the cross-sectional data available did not suggest any such association amongst the five Pacific Island populations surveyed. Still-birth rates are high amongst all these populations, particularly so amongst the older women, and several methods of analysis suggest that abnormal glucose tolerance is associated with a significantly increased risk of still-birth. This association appears more marked amongst younger women in all populations, with the overall relative risk of a still-birth occurrence for diabetic women aged less than 45 years being 2.6 (95% confidence interval being 1.4-4.8), and for women aged less than 45 years with impaired glucose tolerance being 2.2 (95% confidence interval being 1.3-3.7). As many of the women diabetic at the time of surveys would not have been during their pregnancies, these risk estimates are probably underestimates. Longitudinal studies may suggest even higher figures. Nonetheless the results of these surveys suggest that the high prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance in these populations may be at least partly responsible for their high levels of still-birth occurrence.
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PMID:The association of non-insulin-dependent diabetes with parity and still-birth occurrence amongst five Pacific populations. 374 57

The epidemiologic evidence on fats as related to cancer has until recently been equivocal. Some studies showed an inhibitory effect, some showed no effect, and a few showed a reduction in risk. More recently, however, epidemiologic inquiries have suggested that fats may be associated with increased risk of cancer of the breast, prostate, cervix, colon, rectum, larynx, and lung. The relationship is not a simple one. There is evidence that a high level of total calories ingested, regardless of whether the source is fats, carbohydrates, or proteins, increases risk. Still other studies suggest that calorie expenditure may be the important fact. Thus, obesity, derived from whatever source, may be etiologically related to some cancers. Fats being a potentially important contributor to obesity over the long term, may in this way increase risk.
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PMID:Hypotheses regarding caloric intake in cancer development. 375 5

In a review of the current literature, the importance of physical activity in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease is critically analyzed. The main results concerning a direct protective effect of physical training remain controversial. The problems of such epidemiological studies become apparent. Still, there seems to be evidence that a certain amount of physical activity, particularly during leisure time, has beneficial effects on known coronary risk factors such as high serum triglycerides and free fatty acids, obesity, high blood pressure as well as smoking habits and, thus, may reduce the coronary risk indirectly inducing psychological effects and changes in life-style.
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PMID:[Sports, physical activity and risk for coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. 722 3

Obesity is often associated with an increased hepatic secretion rate of cholesterol and saturated gallbladder bile. In order to evaluate the role of hepatic esterification of cholesterol in this phenomenon, we assayed the activity of acyl CoA:cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT), which catalyzes the esterification of cholesterol, in liver microsomes obtained from 19 morbidly obese patients without gallstones undergoing vertical banded gastroplasty. Gallbladder bile was obtained and analyzed for lipid composition, cholesterol saturation, nucleation time, and occurrence of cholesterol crystals. Fourteen non-obese gallstone-free subjects undergoing cholecystectomy because of suspected polyp or adenomyoma in the gallbladder served as controls. The hepatic content of esterified cholesterol was increased by about 70% in the obese patients (P < 0.05). Still, the mean levels of the ACAT activity were equal in the obese and non-obese patient groups (11 +/- 1 and 11 +/- 2 pmol/min per mg protein, respectively). When exogenous cholesterol was added to the assay system, the activity was increased markedly in both groups. The ACAT activity was higher in obese patients with steatosis of the liver compared with those displaying normal liver morphology (12 +/- 1 vs 8 +/- 1 pmol/min per mg, P < 0.05). Obese patients did not have significantly more saturated gallbladder bile than the non-obese controls (84 +/- 7 and 77 +/- 8%, respectively). They had a normal nucleation time and their gallbladder bile did not contain any cholesterol crystals. We conclude that obese patients without gallstones usually have a normal esterification rate of cholesterol in the liver. Steatosis of the liver was associated with increased ACAT activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Hepatic esterification rate of cholesterol and biliary lipids in human obesity. 801 83

Clinical goals in patients with non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes are to control glucose levels and prevent microvascular complications (eye, kidney, and nerve damage) while improving risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease (obesity, smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance). A wide array of medications and approaches is available to treat type II diabetes. Still, establishing an effective treatment regimen can be difficult, because patients have varying degrees of insulin secretory defects and insulin resistance and different conditions that must be factored in. Therefore, an individualized plan centered on self-management is the key to successful therapy in type II diabetes.
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PMID:Treatment of type II diabetes: what options have been added to traditional methods? 863 24

Current state-of-the-art behavioural treatments for childhood and adolescent obesity, produce long-term weight control in up to one-third of participants. A review of the most effective treatments suggests structural and organizational components and treatment content that are most likely to be successful. These include a group format with individualized behavioural counseling; parent participation; frequent sessions; a long treatment duration; a simple and explicit diet that produces a calorie deficit; a physical activity program emphasizing choice and reinforcing reduced sedentary behaviours; making changes in the home and family environment to help reduce cues and opportunities associated with calorie intake and inactivity, and to increase cues and opportunities for physical activity; self-monitoring; goal setting and contracting; parenting skills training; skills for managing high-risk situations; and skills for maintenance and relapse prevention. Still, there are many unanswered questions about the implementation of all the components of treatment. Further research, to identify treatment approaches that promote long-term maintenance of weight control, is greatly needed.
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PMID:Behavioural treatment of childhood and adolescent obesity. 1034 Aug 6

In the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998 several anthropometric data were obtained from 7124 men and women, aged 18-79 years. These data were analysed and compared with 1990/92 survey data. On average, people form the Western part of Germany are somewhat taller than those from the Eastern part, the differences being smallest in the youngest age group. With the use of the Body Mass Index (BMI) as the criterion, the prevalence of overweight (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) ranges from 52% for West German women to 67% for West German men, and of obesity (BMI < or = 30 kg/m2) from 18% for West German men to 24.5% for East German women. Generally, overweight is more prevalent in the East than in the West. In the male population, aged 25-69 years, the prevalence of obesity increased by 5.9% in the East and by 11.5% in the West during the last decade. Among females the prevalence of obesity increased by 6.4% in the West, but decreased by 6.3% in the East. Still obesity is more prevalent among East German females. Since obesity is a key health risk, these recent German prevalence figures are alarming.
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PMID:[Anthropometric data and obesity]. 1072 8


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