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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Our review focuses on low density lipoprotein (LD lipoprotein) and very low density lipoprotein (VLD lipoprotein) in their roles as transporters of cholesterol and triglyceride and as factors contributing to premature arteriovascular disease. We describe the clinical manifestations of the common, primary hyperlipoproteinemias--that is, hyper-beta-lipoproteinemia, combined hyperlipoproteinemia, hyper-pre-beta-lipoproteinemia, and sporadic hyperlipoproteinemia--and discuss the variations in lipoprotein structure and metabolism that occur in these diseases. Based on an understanding of the physiologic control of lipoprotein metabolism, it is possible for the physician to alter the concentrations of LD lipoprotein and VLD lipoprotein by selecting a course of therapy appropriate to the specific disease. We describe the effects of obesity, diet, insulin, ethanol, estrogens, and the drugs clofibrate, nicotinic acid, and cholestyramine.
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PMID:The common hyperlipoproteinemias: an understanding of disease mechanisms and their control. 18 30

The apolipoprotein (apo) A-I:B ratio and the apo B concentration were determined by radial immunodiffusion in dried blood spot samples from 1,767 10- and 11-year-old children. Children with either apo A-I:B ratios below the first percentile or apo B levels above the 99th were recalled and plasma lipid and apolipoprotein profiles were determined for both children and parents. Of 17 children (one family was lost to follow-up) recalled due to abnormal apo A-I:B ratios, apo B levels were above the 95th percentile in 13 children, and of 18 children with abnormal apo B screening levels (three of them also had abnormal apo A-I:B ratios), the plasma apo B level was elevated in 13 children. The 23 children with abnormal blood lipid and/or apolipoprotein concentrations were divided into two main groups: (a) children with type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia and (b) children with hyperapo B lipoproteinemia (hyperapo B) and normal blood lipid levels. Twelve children had the type IIa pattern. Five children likely had familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), the other seven children may have hypercholesterolemia due to obesity or environmental factors. Eleven children had the hyperapo B abnormality. In four children, the elevated apo B level probably was an indication of the occurrence of familial combined hypercholesterolemia (FCH) in the family. Of the remaining seven hyperapo B children, three children also had a parent with hyperapo B and a fourth family suffered from obesity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Apolipoprotein A-I:B ratio and B screening: a preliminary study of 10- and 11-year-old children. 210 20

The determinants of blood levels of estrogen, estrogen metabolites, and relation to receptors and post-transitional effects are the likely primary cause of breast cancer. Very high risk women for breast cancer can now be identified by measuring bone mineral density and hormone levels. These high risk women have rates of breast cancer similar to risk of myocardial infarction. They are candidates for SERM therapies to reduce risk of breast cancer. The completion of the Women's Health Initiative and other such trials will likely provide a definite association of risk and benefit of both estrogen alone and estrogen-progesterone therapy, coronary heart disease, osteoporotic fracture, and breast cancer. The potential intervention of hormone replacement therapy, obesity, or weight gain and increased atherogenic lipoproteinemia may be of concern and confound the results of clinical trials. Estrogens, clearly, are important in the risk of bone loss and osteoporotic fracture. Obesity is the primary determinant of postmenopausal estrogen levels and reduced risk of fracture. Weight reduction may increase rates of bone loss and fracture. Clinical trials that evaluate weight loss should monitor effects on bone. The beneficial addition of increased physical activity, higher dose of calcium or vitamin D, or use of bone reabsorption drugs in coordination with weight loss should be evaluated. Any therapy that raises blood estrogen or metabolite activity and decreases bone loss may increase risk of breast cancer. Future clinical trials must evaluate multiple endpoints such as CHD, osteoporosis, and breast cancer within the study. The use of surrogate markers such as bone mineral density, coronary calcium, carotid intimal medial thickness and plaque, endothelial function, breast density, hormone levels and metabolites could enhance the evaluation of risk factors, genetic-environmental intervention, and new therapies.
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PMID:Estrogens and women's health: interrelation of coronary heart disease, breast cancer and osteoporosis. 1116 38

The staggerer mice carry a deletion in the RORalpha gene and have a prolonged humoral response, overproduce inflammatory cytokines, and are immunodeficient. Furthermore, the staggerer mice display lowered plasma apoA-I/-II, decreased plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, and develop hypo-alpha-lipoproteinemia and atherosclerosis. However, relatively little is known about RORalpha in the context of target tissues, target genes, and lipid homeostasis. For example, RORalpha is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle, a major mass peripheral tissue that accounts for approximately 40% of total body weight and 50% of energy expenditure. This lean tissue is a primary site of glucose disposal and fatty acid oxidation. Consequently, muscle has a significant role in insulin sensitivity, obesity, and the blood-lipid profile. In particular, the role of RORalpha in skeletal muscle metabolism has not been investigated, and the contribution of skeletal muscle to the ROR-/- phenotype has not been resolved. We utilize ectopic dominant negative RORalpha expression in skeletal muscle cells to understand the regulatory role of RORs in this major mass peripheral tissue. Exogenous dominant negative RORalpha expression in skeletal muscle cells represses the endogenous levels of RORalpha and -gamma mRNAs and ROR-dependent gene expression. Moreover, we observed attenuated expression of many genes involved in lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, we show that the muscle carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 and caveolin-3 promoters are directly regulated by ROR and coactivated by p300 and PGC-1. This study implicates RORs in the control of lipid homeostasis in skeletal muscle. In conclusion, we speculate that ROR agonists would increase fatty acid catabolism in muscle and suggest selective activators of ROR may have therapeutic utility in the treatment of obesity and atherosclerosis.
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PMID:RORalpha regulates the expression of genes involved in lipid homeostasis in skeletal muscle cells: caveolin-3 and CPT-1 are direct targets of ROR. 1519 55

The present work describes the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in young mexican women. 96 women from 18 to 40 years of age were included. All of them were measured (height, waist and hip) and weighed, blood pressure was registered, laboratory exams were taken and a questionnaire was answered. Cardiovascular risk factors prevalence was estimated and the average concentrations of lipids and glucose and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were compared by age, BMI and WHI group. Of the studied women, 51% were overweight or obese and 51% had visceral obesity with a high prevalence of lipids abnormalities (hypoalpha-lipoproteinemia and hypertrigliceridemia), which increases progressively with age. Only 5% and 4% had normal to high systolic and dyastolic blood pressures and 7% had blood glucose > 110 mg/dL. In this sample of women with similar social, demographic, economic, and cultural characteristics, a high proportion was identified with body weight problems and lipids abnormalities, a frequent finding in Latin populations with multiple etiologies and associated with different cardiovascular risk factors.
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PMID:[Cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of young Mexican women]. 1731 17

The increasing of uric acid level (hyperuricosuria) is regularly detected in blood during the examination of patient with such cardiovascular diseases as arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and obesity. The hyperiricosuria and hypertriglyceridemia are two independent risk factors, especially for arterial hypertension. The higher level of uric acid combined with hyper-lipoproteinemia (phenotypes) IIa and IIb was noted in 65% of patients. In males, hyperiricosuria was detected more often than in females. In groups with higher content of uric acid, the significant difference between median and quartiles was determined concerning the indicators of height, body mass, triglycerides concentration, beta-lipoprotein fractions content, pre beta-lipoprotein fractions content, apolipoprotein E in blood serum and apolipoprotein B=100 lipoproteins, but not both apolipoprotein C=III and apolipoprotein E in lipoproteins of high density. The increase of concentration of triglycerides and uric acid in blood is the outcome of disorder of metabolism of fat acids and nucleotides under surplus intake of substances with food. The fructose of sweet drinks can be considered as the source of fructose. The fructose is capable to increase the concentration of uric acid The catabolism of nucleotides is under regulatory impact of fructose: dicarboxylic derivatives can provoke increase of uric acid concentration. The treatment of patients with hyper-triglycerideimia, hyperiricosuria and hyperglycemia has to begin from decreasing of triglycerides concentration, dietotherapy and further if it is necessary, to apply the hypolipidemic therapy with fibrates.
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PMID:[The hyperuricosuria in patients with high content of triglycerides: the combination of genetic and environmental factors and tactics of treatment]. 2294 16

Obesity-associated dyslipidemia is characterized as hyper-triglyceridemia and hypo-high-density lipoproteinemia. Visceral fat accumulation results in the dysregulation of various adipocytokines as well as the elevation of portal free fatty acid and glycerol levels. The latter cause hepatic overproduction of very-low-density lipoprotein, and the adipocytokine dysregulations impair the transfer of cholesterol from extra-hepatic tissues to the liver. In addition, obesity disease associates with the elevated atherogenic remnant lipoprotein as a result of increased lipid absorption and decreased lipoprotein hydrolysis due to insulin resistance. It is important to further elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of adipocytokines on lipid metabolism for the prevention of atherosclerosis.
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PMID:[Dyslipidemia]. 2363 Dec 6

The concentrations of lipoprotein particles [high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), and chylomicrons] are associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Most studies have examined these associations in the fasting state. Previous studies have shown lipoprotein particle concentration change following meal, and these changes are different in individuals with obesity. In this study, we aimed to assess whether various meal compositions lead to adverse short-term (2-h) postprandial lipoproteinemia in obese insulin resistant (obese-IR) subjects as compared to lean insulin sensitive (lean-IS) subjects. In a randomized crossover trial, nine lean-IS and nine obese-IR Chinese men aged 22-35 years were challenged with isoenergetic and isovolumic meals rich in protein (HP), fat (HF), or carbohydrate (HC). Plasma samples were collected after a 10-h fast, as well as 1-h and 2-h post-meal and analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance. Plasma concentration of large VLDLs and chylomicron particles was higher and increased more after all meals in obese-IR compared to lean-IS subjects. The HP meal decreased small LDL particle concentration in obese-IR subjects, and increased small HDL particle concentration in all subjects. The HF meal led to a decrease in small HDL concentration in all subjects. In conclusion, obese-IR subjects revealed a detrimental response to meal challenges even as early as 2-h after meal intake.
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PMID:Two-Hour Postprandial Lipoprotein Particle Concentration Differs Between Lean and Obese Individuals. 3137 92