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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It is widely held that obesity may be due to alterations in the total caloric intake, the distribution of nutrient intake and the number of meals; widely spaced out meals of large proportions may be associated with metabolic dysfunctions. An observational study was performed in a random sample (80 males and 183 females) of moderately obese adults (IMC > 30 and < 40) attending the dietary unit of our hospital to evaluate spontaneous breakfast eating habits (understood as caloric contribution > 10% of daily caloric intake) in relation to: working activity, region of origin, possible influence on daily intake of energy and nutrients and on common clinical and anthropometric variables (arterial pressure, glycemia, cholesterolemia, triglyceridemia, IMC, WHR). Following the subdivision of patients into breakfast eaters (SC = 26 males, 52 females) and non-breakfast eaters (NC = 54 males and 131 females), no significant differences emerged between sexes with regard to region of origin, working activity, IMC, WHR, total kcal, distribution of nutrients, glycemia, cholesterolemia, triglyceridemia, arterial pressure. The only significant difference between SC and NC concerns alcohol consumption which was inversely correlated to breakfast eating in both males and females (males: r = -0.225, p < 0.05; females: r = -0.157, p < 0.05). No significant differences appear between wine consumers (SE = 29) and abstemious males (NE = 51), except for daily caloric consumption (kcal/die), triglycerides and arterial pressure, which were higher in SE (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.05 respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Breakfast habits in moderately obese adults and its effect on daily energy and nutrient intake, on alcohol consumption and on various clinical and anthropometric parameters]. 851 63

A social gradient of cardiovascular risk has been found in several European countries, including the former East and West Germany. Have any changes have occurred in Germany, particularly in the east, since the wall came down? We analyzed the results of three compatible, population-based, interview-and-examination health surveys that were performed in both parts of Germany between 1984 and 1992. Total years of education was the social indicator. Systolic/diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, prevalence of hypertension, obesity, and cigarette smoking showed a social gradient in favor of higher social class groups; the social gradient for total cholesterol and hyper-cholesterolemia in men was less clear. Despite a much higher risk-factor profile in the east, neither a difference between the social gradients of the former East and West Germany nor a clear trend after the wall came down were found. In both areas, the social gradient clearly increased only for women smokers. Overall, we found very little evidence to support the idea that the ferocity of socioeconomic changes in the east had already led to a higher gradient of cardiovascular risk in 1991/1992 relative to that in the western part of the German population.
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PMID:Social gradient of CVD risk in Germany before/after unification. 886 21

An epidemiological study was conducted to investigate the distribution of serum insulin and the relation of environmental factors to serum insulin concentrations in an urban population. In 1992 and 1993, 75 g oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed and serum insulin concentrations determined for 2,147 subjects aged 30 to 79, randomly selected from residents of S-city in Osaka Prefecture. The subjects had received a health examination for cardiovascular disease at the National Cardiovascular Center. Median values of area under the insulin curve (AUIC), which is an index of insulin resistance, were similar for men and women, but were higher for older than younger women. Sex and age specific estimated upper limits of AUIC were set at the 95 percentile level of AUIC for the subjects without a history of stroke or myocardial infarction, and who did not have diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, or dyslipidemia. Prevalence of hyperinsulinemia in the subjects was about 10 to 16%. The sex and age specific proportion of obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia, and hypertension was higher for hyperinsulinemic than normoinsulinemic subjects. Relation of AUIC to obesity, dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and antihypertensive drug use was examined in 2,039 subjects who were diagnosed as non-diabetic by OGTT. Of the environmental factors analysed, body mass index alone correlated independently with AUIC for all sex and age specific classes. For men aged 30 to 59 the waist/hip ratio correlated independently and positively with AUIC. This indicates that control of obesity, especially of upper-body obesity or visceral type obesity, should be considered important for improvement of insulin resistance.
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PMID:[Serum insulin distribution and the relationship between environmental factors and serum insulin levels in a Japanese urban population]. 891 97

In 97 IDDM and 64 NIDDM patients aged under 65 years, we evaluated the relationship between autonomic neuropathy (AN) and retinopathy, nephropathy, glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors. Diabetes duration and HbA1 were significantly higher and body mass index was significantly lower in IDDM patients with AN compared to those without. In NIDDM only age was significantly higher in neuropathic patients. AN was associated with retinopathy in both IDDM (chi2 = 10, P < 0.03) and NIDDM patients (chi2 = 14, P < 0.007), while only in IDDM albumin excretion was significantly higher in patients with AN. Blood pressure (BP) was significantly higher in both IDDM and NIDDM patients with AN compared to those without. There were no differences in smoking and serum lipids between patients with and those without AN. We performed a multiple regression analysis using autonomic score, index of cardiovascular tests impairment, as the dependent variable and age, diabetes duration, body mass index, HbA1, albumin excretion, cholesterolemia, triglyceridemia, systolic BP, and retinopathy as independent variables. With this model in IDDM autonomic score was only related to body mass index (r = -0.29, P < 0.05), to HbA1 (r = 0.46, P < 0.001), and to systolic BP (r = 0.24, P < 0.05), while in NIDDM it was only related to systolic BP (r = 0.54, P < 0.001). In conclusion, AN was related to age in NIDDM, and to diabetes duration and glycemic control in IDDM. AN was associated with retinopathy, with nephropathy (only in IDDM), and with BP levels, but not with dyslipidemia, smoking, or obesity. Excess mortality rate observed in diabetic AN cannot be referred to an association with cardiovascular risk factors.
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PMID:Autonomic neuropathy and cardiovascular risk factors in insulin-dependent and non insulin-dependent diabetes. 906 69

The aim of this study was to study the effect of overweight and obesity on glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional national epidemiological randomized household survey of 2059 Saudi subjects, aged 30-64 years was carried out. The sample was representative and was in accordance with the national population distribution with respect to age, gender, regional and residency, urban versus rural population distribution. The subjects height and weight for the calculation of body mass index (BMI) was measured. Blood samples were drawn and assayed for glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein (HDL). Low density lipoprotein (LDL) was calculated. The oral glucose tolerance test was carried out for subjects with borderline random glucose concentration and the overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus was calculated. A high prevalence of obesity among the Saudi population was observed and mean serum glucose concentration was significantly higher among overweight and obese groups. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was significantly higher among obese groups. The mean serum triglyceride concentration was only significantly higher among male obese groups. There was no significant difference in the mean of serum total cholesterol concentration between control and obese groups. Mean serum HDL concentration was lower among the obese group, however, the difference was not significant. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia between control and obese groups. Prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was higher among obese groups and was significantly higher among male subjects across all BMI groups. Prevalence of hypo HDL cholesterolemia exceeded 50% of the study population. Obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, hypo HDL cholesterolemia and features of insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) are widely prevalent among the Saudi population over the age of 40 years. IRS is probable a significant contributor to the pathologic process of cardiovascular (CVD) disease among the Saudi population, especially in view of the low prevalence of hypercholesterolemia.
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PMID:Effect of overweight and obesity on glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia in Saudi Arabia, epidemiological study. 923 85

beta 3-Adrenergic agonists have been proposed as potential new drugs for the treatment of diabetes and/or obesity therapy, because of the hypoglycemic and lipolytic effects found with some of these compounds. Moreover, their application in other therapeutic areas such as hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis has been suggested. This experimental trial was conducted to assess the effects of Trecadrine, a new molecule with affinity for beta 3-adrenoceptors, on a model of hypercholesterolemia in rats, and also to explore a possible beneficial role of these agents in lipid disturbances therapy. The results indicated a marked reduction in serum triglyceride levels (-40%; P < 0.01) and lipoprotein lipase activity in white fat (-49%, P < 0.001) of hypercholesterolemic rats treated with Trecadrine for 16 days as compared with hypercholesterolemic non-treated rats. Moreover, Trecadrine produced a significant increase in the oxygen consumption in brown adipose tissue (+154%, P < 0.01). In relation to cholesterolemia, an improvement in total cholesterol (-20%) and total/HDL-cholesterol ratio (-25%) in serum was noted in the animals receiving the pharmacological treatment. In conclusion, the results of this trial support that Trecadrine administration may have a therapeutic potential in disorders associated with hypertriglyceridemia such as obesity and some types of hyperlipidaemias.
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PMID:Hypolipidemic properties of a diphenyl-methylen-ethylamine derivative with affinity for beta 3-adrenoceptors in a model of hypercholesterolemia. 1057 41

National health check-up systems have been used for 5 years in Japan for adults who are over 40 years of age. As part of a national project, Osaka prefecture is also conducting a program for health check-up testing and cancer screening for this age group. This surveillance revealed that incidence of obesity, hypertension, cholesterolemia, albuminuria, or abnormal ECG was high. Analysis of surveillance results should contribute to understanding the present status and recent trends in diseases in the aged. With continuation of this surveillance for a number of years, trends in life-style related diseases in Japan should be detectable.
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PMID:Incidence of abnormalities in laboratory tests found in surveillance of adults over 40 years of age. 1092 55

Synthetic estrogens and progestins used in oral contraceptives (OCs) have inverse effects on lipoproteins: synthetic estrogens augment production of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and therefore of triglycerides, as well as of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and therefore of anti-atherogenic cholesterol which plays a clensing role in tissue cholesterol. Synthetic estrogens diminish production of low density lipoproteins (LDL), or atherogenic cholesterol. Norsteroid progestins have a strong anti-estrogenic action; they decrease cholesterolemia while lowering the rate of cholesterol tied to HDL. They also decrease the plasma level of VLDL. Derivatives of 17 OH progesterone do not seem to have these actions on lipoproteins. Things to do in treating OC users with abnormal lipid patterns include specifying the exact nature of the lipid abnormality by determining the plasma levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol and its fractions; comparing the lipid profile with the pattern before OC use so as to specify the type of anomalie; identifying family histories of diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidism, and cardiovascular pathology; inquiring about dietary habits, smoking, weight changes, and blood pressure; searching for the pathology responsable for lipid anomalies, which in the case of hypertriglyceridemia requires ruling out glycoregulation problems, diabetes, excessive alcohol consumption or use of diuretics, corticoids, or beta blockers and in the case of hypercholesterolemia involves hypothyroidism, cholestatic syndromes, nephropathies, or use of diuretics; and considering whether the progestin used in the OC is a potent anti-estrogenic capable of compensating for the hypertriglyceridemia provoked by the estrogen. In all cases of hyperlipidemia, regardless of the causes, pill use should be terminated and the patient should be followed up for 3 months to determine whether levels return to normal. The new contraceptive method may be nonhormonal or may be a minidosed progestin for obese, hypertensive, or diabetic women or normal dosed progestin for nondiabetic women with no risk factors and normal postprandial glucose levels. Things that should not be done in treating OC users with abnormal lipid patterns include neglecting to obtain baseline lipid and glucose profiles; failing to determine the lipid profiles and glucose tolerance after 6 months of pill use and at least once a year thereafter; prescribing the pill after age 40 or for women who are hyperlipidemic, diabetic, hypertensive, obese, smokers, or who have individual or family histories of vascular risk; or relying on a diet with reduced sugar and fats or a lower doses estrogen to resolve the problem.
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PMID:[Do's and don'ts for a woman who has an abnormal lipid pattern and is taking oral contraceptives]. 1226 10

Hyperinsulinemia and other associated metabolic factors, including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and central obesity lead to increased cardiovascular risk and indicate a metabolic syndrome. Levels of fasting insulin were measured in an ethnic Gipsy minority group (n=149) and compared to the majority Slovak population (n=197). The average insulin level was significantly increased in the minority group with a 21% risk value vs 5%. Hyperglycemia was equal in both groups (17% in Gipsy group, 16% in majority group). The incidence of other risk factors for cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome is greater in the Gipsy group (47% vs 38%--hypertriacylglycerolemia, 62% vs 46%--HDL-cholesterol level below safety limit, 16% vs 10%--systolic hypertension, 20% vs 11%--diastolic hypertension, 36% vs 22%--obesity). The results of hyperinsulinemia, hypertriacylglycerolemia, hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia, hypertension and obesity indicate, that the Gipsy population is at higher risk for cardiovascular disease. (Tab. 1, Fig. 1, Ref. 12.).
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PMID:Insulin levels in Gipsy minority. 1269 73

The relationships between alcohol consumption, serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels, and the prevalence of major coronary risk factors were analyzed cross-sectionally in 2,399 male and 1,402 female middle-aged workers, to clarify the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the development of the metabolic syndrome. Male moderate drinkers, consuming less than 60 ml of alcohol per day, had a lower prevalence of upper body obesity and low serum HDL-cholesterolemia (LHDLC) in comparison with nondrinkers, but not of hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance or hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). In women, alcohol consumption did not show any significant associations with the coronary risk factors. Men with an elevated serum GGT (EGGT) of 40 U/l or above had a significantly higher odds ratio for all the coronary risk factors as compared with those with normal GGT, even after adjusting for alcohol consumption, together with age, body mass index, cigarette consumption and physical activity. Women with an EGGT of 25 U/l or above had similar findings, although significance was found only in HTG. Nearly 80% and 55% of the appearance of EGGT in men and women were attributable to alcohol consumption, and 20% and 10% of the male and female moderate drinkers had EGGT. These results suggest that even moderate alcohol consumption will increase coronary risk factors characteristic of the metabolic syndrome in drinkers who have an increase in serum GGT. Further studies are required to confirm the causal association between alcohol consumption, increase in serum GGT and development of the metabolic syndrome.
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PMID:Alcohol consumption, serum gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, and coronary risk factors in a middle-aged occupational population. 1464 70


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