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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The most common cancer in US women and the 2nd leading cause of cancer death is breast cancer. Between 1980-1987 in the US. age-adjusted incidence rates of breast cancer rose rapidly. They are also rising rapidly in several Asian countries (e.g., in Japan) which have the lowest incidence rates. These rapid increases may mean that environmental factors are responsible. Incidence rates rise greatly with age until the late 40s. US women at highest risk of breast cancer are Jewish women, urban women, single women, and women living in the northern US. Women at lowest risk include Mormon and Seventh-Day Adventist women, Hispanic and Asian women, rural women, women living in the southern US, and married women. Factors that have a relative risk greater than 2 are mother and sister with history of breast cancer, especially if diagnoses at an early age; atypical epithelial cells in nipple aspirate fluid; nodular densities on the mammogram; history of cancer in 1 breast; mother or sister with history of breast cancer; biopsy-confirmed benign proliferative breast disease; hyperplastic epithelial cells without atypia in nipple aspirate fluid; and radiation to chest in moderate to high doses. Ovarian hormones appear to stimulate cell division in the breast, thus elevated levels may be risk factors. Exogenous hormones may also increase the risk. Women are exposed to these exogenous hormones through estrogen replacement therapy, progestin only pills, oral contraceptives, long-acting injectable contraceptives, and diethylstilbestrol. Postmenopausal obesity increases the risk while premenopausal obesity decreases the risk. A high fat diet in childhood and adolescence may increase the risk. Alcohol drinking may also increase the risk. Older, white, and nulliparous women are more likely to have estrogen receptor-positive cancers. Breast cancer in males tends to share the same risk factors as well as its own unique factors. Prevention of postmenopausal obesity is the only established primary prevention effort. Screening is the only secondary prevention means.
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PMID:Breast cancer epidemiology: summary and future directions. 840 9

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, accounting for 32% of all newly diagnosed cancers. Demographic characteristics associated with an increased risk include increasing age, birth in North America or northern Europe, high socioeconomic status, never having been married, and, for breast cancer diagnosed after 45 years of age, the white race. Early age at menarche, late age at menopause, late age at first full-term pregnancy, and low parity increase risk, while removal of the ovaries at an early age is protective. Obesity increases risk in postmenopausal women. Having a first degree relative with breast cancer confers an increased risk, especially if both a mother and a sister have had breast cancer at an early age. Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with an inherited susceptibility to breast cancer at an early age. Other markers of increased risk include atypical and hyperplastic epithelial cells in nipple aspirate fluid, nodular densities on mammogram, and biopsy-confirmed benign proliferative breast disease. Little can be done at present to reduce breast cancer risk through primary prevention, but secondary prevention by mammographic screening in women of age 50 and older reduces mortality from breast cancer.
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PMID:Epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. 872 15

We examined potential confounding factors that, if unaccounted for, could possibly produce a spurious association in a study of breast cancer among women occupationally exposed to magnetic fields. For each risk factor, we estimated strength of association, prevalence in the general population, and prevalence of the risk factor in the exposed group required to explain completely hypothetical odds ratios between occupational exposure to magnetic fields and breast cancer. We performed similar analyses for two, three, four, and five confounding factors acting simultaneously. Factors numerically capable of substantial confounding included obesity, continent of birth, family history of breast cancer in a first-degree relative, densities on the mammogram, benign proliferative breast disease, history of cancer in one breast, and consumption of at least two alcoholic drinks per day. Nevertheless, only continent of birth, history of cancer, obesity, and consumption of alcohol could potentially be related to occupation. Uncontrolled confounders, either alone or in combination, could possibly account for odds ratios in the 1.2-1.3 range but were very unlikely to produce an odds ratio of more than 1.5. A spurious negative association between magnetic fields and breast cancer could occur if the exposed group included a large number of immigrants from Asia and Africa.
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PMID:Evaluation of potential confounders in planning a study of occupational magnetic field exposure and female breast cancer. 1250 66