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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Probucol is an antihyperlipidemic agent with antioxidant effects and antiatherosclerotic properties in hypercholesterolemic conditions. The JCR:LA-corpulent strain of rats exhibits all aspects of the human 'metabolic syndrome' characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, atherogenesis, and ischemic myocardial damage. Male rats were treated with 100 mg/kg body weight probucol from 6 to 12 weeks or from 6 to 39 weeks of age. Short-term metabolic effects were assessed at 12 weeks and both metabolic and cardiovascular effects at 39 weeks of age. Probucol treatment of corpulent male rats did not reduce plasma lipid concentrations or hyperinsulinemia. The index of severity of intimal lesions of the aortic arch was not different from that of controls, although the lesions appeared to be qualitatively more severe. There were significantly fewer adherent macrophages on the endothelial surface. The endothelial layer was unchanged and smoothly covered the vascular surface, including the intimal lesions. Notwithstanding the extensive atherosclerotic lesions, probucol-treated rats had markedly fewer ischemic myocardial lesions. The cardioprotective effect, possibly due to the antioxidant properties of probucol, appears to occur at the level of the endothelium and occurs in the presence of continuing obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Cardioprotective effect of probucol in the atherosclerosis-prone JCR:LA-cp rat. 969 9

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was standardized in 1979 by the National Diabetes Data Group and the World Health Organization as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, replacing groups such as 'borderline' and 'chemical' diabetes. IGT was defined by a blood/plasma glucose value 2 h after a 75 g glucose load that was clearly abnormal but did not convey a risk of microangiopathy in those with non-diabetic fasting blood/plasma glucose levels. IGT is not uncommon, having a prevalence of 2-25% in adults. Determinants include age, obesity (total and central), family history of type 2 diabetes, physical inactivity and triglyceride levels. The main clinical significance of IGT is: (1) as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, with 20-50% of individuals developing type 2 diabetes over 10 years; (2) as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD); and (3) as a component of the metabolic syndrome. IGT can be treated and this may prevent or delay progression to type 2 diabetes, though the effect of treatment on the risk of CVD is unknown.
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PMID:Impaired glucose tolerance: what are the clinical implications? 974 Apr 95

Death from myocardial infarction was a rare clinical entity at the beginning of this century, but with an ageing population it is poised to become the most common cause of death worldwide. Ample epidemiological evidence confirms the clinical impression that cardiovascular risk factors--hypertension, glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia, obesity--tend to 'cluster' in individual patients. This metabolic syndrome, or 'Syndrome X', which is thought to be underpinned by decreased insulin sensitivity, was first described in 1966 by Camus and popularized by Reaven in 1988. The enthusiasm and interest generated have led to the elucidation of some details concerning the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and coronary artery disease but have done little to change treatments or outcomes. Meanwhile, a global epidemic of Type 2 diabetes mellitus is said to be on the horizon- and it has been calculated that by the year 2230, 100% of the adult United States population will be obese.
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PMID:The metabolic syndrome: overeating, inactivity, poor compliance or 'dud' advice? 982 66

About 10 years ago the WHO defined obesity as a separate disease whereas in Austria until now it is often regarded as a cosmetical problem only. Many diseases like those of joints and spine are correlated to the body weight and the body mass index (BMI), but macrovascular events (cardiovascular and cerebrovascular) and early death are closer associated with the waist to hip ratio (WHR), indicating an abdominal, android fat distribution. This fat distribution tends toward higher insulin levels, dys- and hyperlipidemia and disturbances in glucose metabolism which can in part explain these associations in the light of the metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, there is no healthy overweight, but not all overweight patients share the same risk.
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PMID:[Effect of fat distribution on risk]. 987 86

Adipose tissue is considered as the body's largest storage organ for energy in the form of triglycerides, which are mobilised through the lipolysis process to provide fuel to other organs and to deliver substrates to liver for gluconeogenesis (glycerol) and lipoprotein synthesis (free fatty acids). The release of glycerol and free fatty acids is intensively regulated by hormones and agents. In man, the major hormones are insulin (inhibition of lipolysis) and catecholamines (stimulation of lipolysis). Physiological factors such as dieting, physical exercise and ageing also regulate lipolysis. The lipolytic process is modified in pathological conditions, e.g. obesity (both upper and lower obesity), diabetes (non- and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), and dyslipidaemia (in particular, familial combined hyperlipidaemia). The regulation of lipolysis is complex because of the heterogeneity of fat depots (visceral versus subcutaneous), which may contribute to the well-known gender differences in accumulation of fat. Since visceral fat depot is directly drained into the liver and has a high turnover of visceral triglycerides, "portal" free fatty acids seem to be an important pathophysiological factor in common complications of obesity (in particular, metabolic syndrome). New advances in genetic studies indicate that polymorphisms in several genes encoding for proteins that regulate the lipolysis process are important for the development of obesity and its complications.
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PMID:Regulation of lipolysis in humans. Pathophysiological modulation in obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidaemia. 988 Dec 38

Obesity is an essential risk factor for hypertension, coronary heart disease and stroke as well as for metabolic disturbances, especially for type 2 diabetes, hyper- and dyslipidemia, and it is responsible for the metabolic syndrome with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Disturbances in the lung function are also induced by obesity, as a higher risk for arthrosis on the lower extremities. Some oncological diseases like breast-, endometrial-, and prostatic cancer are associated with obesity. It is evident, that the fat distribution plays an important role in the development of obesity associated diseases: the accumulation of visceral fat has a higher risk as the peripheral fat, probably due to the different metabolism.
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PMID:[Obesity: entrance port to multimorbidity]. 988 99

While the hyperleptinemia of obesity is likely to be associated with the metabolic complications of obesity/hyperinsulinemia/insulin resistance, it is not associated with diabetes, with the relative hypercortisolism of upper body obesity, with hypertension in women, (it is in men), or with dyslipidemia. Overall, the correlations between leptin and the metabolic diseases associated with obesity are weak. The equivocal results of an association of leptin with components of the metabolic syndrome make it unlikely that leptin affects these directly. (On the other hand, these correlations, when found, preclude any causal relationship between leptin and metabolic diseases.) There are experimental data showing a definite role for insulin and glucocorticoids in the regulation of leptin, and of leptin in the regulation of insulin. More data are required on the effects of leptin, but it is likely that leptin will not be a major link between obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Certainly, however, when leptin is available for clinical use, its effect on different aspects of the metabolic syndrome will be worth studying.
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PMID:Therapeutic controversy: Obesity--a modern-day epidemic. 992 54

The aim of the study was to assess the total prevalence of obesity, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia and central fat distribution, in a population-based survey. Two-hundred and ten individuals from the community were selected by random digit dialing. Obesity was defined as a body mass index > or = 25 kg/m2, central distribution of fat if the waist-to-hip ratio > 0.80 in women and 1.0 in men, diabetes was diagnosed if fasting plasma glucose levels > or = 140 mg/dl and/or currently under treatment, hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure > or = 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure > 90 mm Hg and/or currently taking antihypertensive medications, hypertriglyceridemia was defined as a fasting serum triglyceride concentration > or = 200 mg/kg and hypercholesterolemia as a fasting serum cholesterol level > or = 200 mg/dl and/or currently taking specific medication. Prevalence rates of obesity, NIDDM, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia and central fat distribution were 54.3%, 8.0%, 60.0%, 13.9%, 67.0% and 46.7% respectively. The prevalence of each of these conditions in its isolated form was 2.8% for obesity, 0.0% for diabetes, 3.8% for hypertension, 0.5% for hypertriglyceridaemia, 12.0% for hypercholesterolemia and 0.1% for the central fat distribution pattern. The large differences in prevalence between isolated and combined forms in the six disorders analyzed indicate a great overlap between these cardiovascular risk factors, and give epidemiologic support to a proposed metabolic syndrome.
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PMID:[The clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in the urban population of Porto]. 1019 77

The more and more exact and simple determination of insulin provides an opportunity for exploration of the states of insulin resistance. It turned out hereby that the so-called type 1 diabetes is merely a consequence of insulin deficiency and it occurs mainly in the young. In contrary, the so-called type 2 diabetes is a multifactorial, often hyperinsulinaemic condition of insulin resistance and it occurs mainly in the adults. Furthermore, the epidemiological observations of the last decades elucidated that insulin resistance and compensating hyperinsulinaemia are common not only in type 2 diabetes but in other conditions as in ischaemic vascular diseases, hypertension, obesity, lipid alterations, coagulation disturbances, too. It became evident that the so-called late vascular complications of diabetes mellitus may develop before or without the existance of any disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism. These facts encouraged the recognition of metabolic syndrome-X. According to this hypothesis, insulin resistance and compensatorial hyperinsulinaemia are the causes of atherosclerosis, hypertension, upper body obesity, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes and disturbances of coagulation. Following the last years, it became evident that hyperuricaemia, microalbuminuria and even type A personality are common in this syndrome of insulin resistance.
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PMID:[From type 2 diabetes to metabolic X syndrome]. 1021 54

The industrialized world is confronted to a real epidemic of metabolic diseases triggered by overeating and sedentarity. Obesity, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome associated to insulin resistance are well-known cardiovascular risk factors which all contribute to increase both morbidity and mortality, to alter the quality of life and to markedly increase the budget of the social security. Preventive measures should be taken urgently in order to correct such a dangerous trend for the public health.
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PMID:[The epidemic of metabolic diseases, a major problem of public health]. 1022 Oct 60


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