Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

While deficient exercise performance of sick children results from hypoactivity and detraining, it can also be caused by specific pathophysiological factors. These can affect one or more components of physical fitness. A low maximal aerobic power will result from a low maximal stroke volume, as in aortic stenosis or cardiomyopathy; a low maximal heart rate, as in congenital complete heart block or intake of beta-blockers; a low O2 content of the arterial blood, as in anemia or advanced cystic fibrosis; and a high O2 content of mixed-venous blood, as in muscle atrophy or severe malnutrition. A high O2 cost of locomotion, as in advanced obesity or cerebral palsy, will cause the patient to exert at a high percentage of his maximal aerobic power and thus fatigue easily. A subnormal muscle strength, as in progressive muscular dystrophy or juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, is sometimes the primary factor that limits the walking ability or other daily functions. Recent data suggest that local muscle endurance, as assessed by the Wingate anaerobic test, is particularly deficient in some neuromuscular diseases. Examples are muscular dystrophies and spastic cerebral palsy. The ratio of peak anaerobic power to peak aerobic power seems lower in such patients than in able-bodied controls.
 ...
PMID:Pathophysiological factors which limit the exercise capacity of the sick child. 372 7

The average annual incidence in a patients admitted to hospital with ischaemic heart disease is lower among Maori than non-Maori but Maori females under 55 years are particularly susceptible. The age adjusted incidence in this group is twice that of white females. One-third of Maori patients had auricular fibrillation and large hearts and it is suggested that these patients have cardiomyopathy, probably alcohol induced, in addition to ischaemic heart disease. This group had the highest hospital mortality rate, 43%. The 30% hospital mortality rate among all Maori is three times that of non-Maori. Risk factors examined in the Maori included obesity (present in 65%), diabetes (in 30%), gout (in 23%) and hypertension (in 17%) of patients with ischaemic heart disease.
 ...
PMID:Ischaemic heart disease in New Zealand Maori and non-Maori: an age adjusted incidence in hospitalised patients over 10 years with emphasis on clinical features in the Maori. 621 15

One hundred unselected pregnant women underwent M mode and two-dimensional fetal echocardiographic studies between 14 and 43 weeks' gestation. The following cross-sectional views were obtained: high parasternal short axis, parasternal long axis, four chamber view, and an extended long axis to assess the aorta. These views successfully identified great vessel orientation and size (90%), atrial and ventricular size and function (90%), presence of atrioventricular valves (92%) and semilunar valves (75%), and presence and continuity of ventricular and atrial septa (91%) and the aortic arch (68%). Factors that limited visualization were persistent unfavorable lie, maternal obesity, and oligohydramnios. Disturbances in cardiac rhythm were the prevalent abnormal findings (16%). In addition, several anatomic defects were detected in utero and confirmed at autopsy. These included a biventricular cardiomyopathy, atrial septal defect, pericardial effusion, and hypoplastic heart. The potential applications of our ability to detail human fetal cardiac anatomy and dimensions are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Two-dimensional and M mode echocardiography in the human fetus. 670 33

Charts of nine patients with Duchenne and one with Becker's muscular dystrophy who had undergone spinal fusion and Harrington rod insertion for scoliosis were reviewed retrospectively. The mean age was 15 years and mean angle of scoliosis was 69 degrees. Preoperative pulmonary function studies showed a restrictive defect with a mean vital capacity of 1.3 +/- 0.69 litres, 35 +/- 20 per cent of predicted value, 33 +/- 20 ml . kg-1 and a mean inspiratory capacity of 0.99 +/- 0.5 litres, 23 +/- 13 ml . kg-1. There were no anaesthetic complications during operation and obstructive cardiomyopathy, hyperpyrexia, hyperkalaemia and rhabdomyolysis were not problems. Succinylcholine was avoided. One patient developed an arrhythmia postoperatively and one patient whose postoperative problems included tracheostomy, pneumonia and sepsis could not be weaned from the ventilator and died 11 weeks after operation. As assessing risk and survival of the operation depends on objective pulmonary function, a vital capacity of at least 20 ml . kg-1 in the range of 30 per cent of predicted volume with an inspiratory capacity of at least 15 ml . kg-1 would appear to be adequate in patients with muscular dystrophy requiring Harrington rod insertion. Other factors including the rapidity of progression of the muscular disease, other respiratory and cardiovascular problems, and disease such as obesity should also be considered.
 ...
PMID:Anaesthetic considerations in patients with muscular dystrophy undergoing spinal fusion and Harrington rod insertion. 707 3

1. Regular alcohol consumption is a significant contributor to the prevalence of hypertension in drinking communities. 2. The effect is additive to that of obesity and is partly reversible over 2-4 weeks with moderation of ethanol intake. 3. In heavy drinkers acute alcohol withdrawal may lead to more blood pressure elevation following an initial depressor response. 4. Heavy drinking is also associated with an increased risk of haemorrhagic stroke and cardiomyopathy. 5. Lighter drinking habits appear to offer significant protection against ischaemic heart deaths and ischaemic strokes. 6. Antihypertensive drug treatment for alcohol related hypertension may mask some of the adverse cardiovascular effects of alcohol. 7. Arguments as to whether alcohol is a cause of essential hypertension are tautological, given the many reversible lifestyle factors now known to contribute to the rise in blood pressure with aging.
 ...
PMID:Alcohol and hypertension. 755 11

We report the first case of identical female twins who satisfy the proposed diagnostic criteria for Cohen syndrome. The sisters presented with retinal degeneration, obesity and mental retardation, and had the characteristic facial appearance. The manifestations of previously reported cases of Cohen syndrome are reviewed. Unusual changes in our patients include tall stature, macrocephaly, and transient cardiomyopathy during the first year of life. These anomalies have been reported previously in other patients with Cohen syndrome, and suggest that the disorder is phenotypically heterogeneous. Precocious puberty was present in both girls; the latter findings have not been reported previously in the Cohen syndrome. Detailed metabolic and cytogenetic analysis demonstrated no abnormalities.
 ...
PMID:Identical twins with Cohen syndrome. 757 57

Patients with morbid obesity have high rates of sudden, unexpected cardiac death. The mechanism of death in these patients is uncertain. Twenty-eight patients with morbid obesity (22 sudden cardiac deaths, 6 unnatural deaths) were compared to 11 age-matched nonobese patients with traumatic deaths. Heart weight, left ventricular cavity diameter, left and right ventricular wall thickness, ventricular septal thickness, epicardial fat thickness, and extent of coronary artery atherosclerosis were determined; myocyte size, nuclear size, and degree of interstitial fibrosis were calculated morphometrically. Mean heart weights in the patients with morbid obesity were increased but remained constant as a percentage of body weight. Of the gross parameters, only heart weight and left ventricular cavity size were independent predictors of obesity. Of microscopic parameters, only nuclear area was an independent predictor of obesity. Of 22 patients with morbid obesity, dilated cardiomyopathy was the most frequent cause of sudden cardiac death in (10 patients), followed by severe coronary atherosclerosis (6), concentric left ventricular hypertrophy without left ventricular dilatation (4), pulmonary embolism (1), and hypoplastic coronary arteries (1). The cardiomyopathy of morbid obesity is characterized by cardiomegaly, left ventricular dilatation, and myocyte hypertrophy in the absence of interstitial fibrosis. It is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in these patients.
 ...
PMID:Sudden death as a result of heart disease in morbid obesity. 763 12

Type I and type II diabetes is associated with increased cardiovascular complications, the most common of which are ischaemic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular dysfunction. The existence of an independent disease, diabetic cardiomyopathy, was suggested by initial anatomic studies, experimental models, and, more recently, by epidemiological studies. The exact cause of this ventricular dysfunction is not known: several mechanisms have been proposed, such as metabolic abnormalities of glucose transport, cellular overload in fatty acid metabolites, alteration of calcium uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum leading to cellular calcium overload, coronary microangiopathy, structural collagen abnormalities, interstitial and perivascular fibrosis or the presence of an autonomic neuropathy. The condition is characterised by abnormal left ventricular filling suggesting poor compliance or prolongation of left ventricular relaxation. Left ventricular systolic function is usually normal at rest but abnormally decreased on effort. The value of strict metabolic control and the place of drug therapy, especially calcium antagonists which oppose cellular calcium overload, has yet to be established. The natural history of diabetic cardiomyopathy should be defined by clinical studies taking care to differentiate it from the cardiovascular consequences of hypertension or obesity which aggravate or stimulate this condition.
 ...
PMID:[Diabetic cardiomyopathy]. 764 66

Regular alcohol consumption raises blood pressure and in drinking populations contributes significantly to the prevalence of hypertension. The effect of alcohol is additive to that of obesity. Reduction in alcohol intake leads to a lowering of blood pressure over 1-4 weeks. Acute alcohol ingestion in the evening may lower blood pressures overnight. Heavy weekend drinking may lead to a pressor effect for the succeeding 3 to 4 days. Certain personality types or heavy job strain increase susceptibility to pressor effects of alcohol. Alcohol consumption in the range of 1-3 standard drinks a day appears to have a protective effect against coronary disease and ischaemic stroke, which may be greater in those with a higher risk of vascular disease. At higher levels of consumption the risks of haemorrhagic stroke, cardiomyopathy and hypertension deaths predominate. Moderation of alcohol consumption to no more than two standard drinks a day can be an effective means of improving blood pressure control reducing drug requirements in treated hypertensives, and avoiding drugs in mild hypertensives. Moderating alcohol and reducing excess weight have additive effects in reducing overall cardiovascular risk.
 ...
PMID:Alcohol, hypertension and cardiovascular disease--implications for management. 826 82

Obesity can result in alterations in cardiac structure and function even in the absence of systemic hypertension and underlying organic heart disease. Increased total blood volume creates a high cardiac output state that may cause ventricular dilatation and ultimately eccentric hypertrophy of the left (and possibly the right) ventricle. Eccentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy produces diastolic dysfunction. Systolic dysfunction may ensue due to excessive wall stress if wall thickening fails to keep pace with dilatation. This disorder is referred to as obesity cardiomyopathy. The presence of systemic hypertension in obese individuals facilitates development of LV dilatation and hypertrophy. Congestive heart failure may occur in such individuals, and may be attributable to LV diastolic dysfunction or to combined LV diastolic and systolic dysfunction. The sleep apnea/obesity hypoventilation syndrome occurs in 5% of morbidly obese individuals and is potentially life-threatening. Treatment of obesity cardiomyopathy consists of weight loss, salt restriction, and diuretics. Digitalis and vasodilators may be useful in selected cases. Central obesity is probably a risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease. Alterations in lipid and insulin metabolism may facilitate development of coronary heart disease in obese patients.
 ...
PMID:Obesity and the heart. 836 92


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>