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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sedentary lifestyle and overweight are major public health, clinical, and economical problems in modern societies. The worldwide epidemic of excess weight is due to imbalance between physical activity and dietary energy intake. Sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, and consequent overweight and obesity markedly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Regular physical activity 45-60 min per day prevents unhealthy weight gain and obesity, whereas sedentary behaviors such as watching television promote them. Regular exercise can markedly reduce body weight and fat mass without dietary caloric restriction in overweight individuals. An increase in total energy expenditure appears to be the most important determinant of successful exercise-induced weight loss. The best long-term results may be achieved when physical activity produces an energy expenditure of at least 2,500 kcal/week. Yet, the optimal approach in weight reduction programs appears to be a combination of regular physical activity and caloric restriction. A minimum of 60 min, but most likely 80-90 min of moderate-intensity physical activity per day may be needed to avoid or limit weight regain in formerly overweight or obese individuals. Regular moderate intensity physical activity, a healthy diet, and avoiding unhealthy weight gain are effective and safe ways to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases and to reduce premature mortality in all population groups. Although the efforts to promote cardiovascular health concern the whole population, particular attention should be paid to individuals who are physically inactive, have unhealthy diets or are prone to weight gain. They have the highest risk for worsening of the cardiovascular risk factor profile and for cardiovascular disease. To combat the epidemic of overweight and to improve cardiovascular health at a population level, it is important to develop strategies to increase habitual physical activity and to prevent overweight and obesity in collaboration with communities, families, schools, work sites, health care professionals, media and policymakers.
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PMID:Physical activity, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. 1659 98

Increased serum concentrations of low density lipoproteins represent a major cardiovascular risk factor. Low-density lipoproteins are derived from very low density lipoproteins secreted by the liver. Apolipoprotein (apo)B that constitutes the essential structural protein of these lipoproteins exists in two forms, the full length form apoB-100 and the carboxy-terminal truncated apoB-48. The generation of apoB-48 is due to editing of the apoB mRNA which generates a premature stop translation codon. The editing of apoB mRNA is an important regulatory event because apoB-48-containing lipoproteins cannot be converted into the atherogenic low density lipoproteins. The apoB gene is constitutively expressed in liver and intestine, and the rate of apoB secretion is regulated post-transcriptionally. The translocation of apoB into the endoplasmic reticulum is complicated by the hydrophobicity of the nascent polypeptide. The assembly and secretion of apoB-containing lipoproteins within the endoplasmic reticulum is strictly dependent on the microsomal tricylceride transfer protein which shuttles triglycerides onto the nascent lipoprotein particle. The overall synthesis of apoB lipoproteins is regulated by proteosomal and nonproteosomal degradation and is dependent on triglyceride availability. Noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus, obesity and the metabolic syndrome are characterized by an increased hepatic synthesis of apoB-containing lipoproteins. Interventions aimed to reduce the hepatic secretion of apoB-containing lipoproteins are therefore of great clinical importance. Lead targets in these pathways are discussed.
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PMID:Inhibition of the synthesis of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. 1659 12

Environmental as well as genetic factors are involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. The disease is a frequent cause of mortality in the middle-aged male population of Estonia. The high prevalence of premature myocardial infarction (PMI) in this country is not fully understood. The association of atherogenic and thrombogenetic risk factors with lifestyle was evaluated in men who had suffered myocardial infarction at 55 years of age (n = 71) and in randomly selected corresponding controls (n = 85). Serum routine lipids, apolipoprotein (apo)A-I, apoB, apoE polymorphism, lipoprotein(a) and fibrinogen levels were determined. Behavioural risk factors, indices of obesity, blood pressure and pedigree data were registered. In 80.6 % of PMI subjects some type of hyperlipidaemia was observed (European Atherosclerosis Society Classification) and lipid-lowering drugs were taken by 13.9 % of patients. In PMI patients the most common positive determinants of atherogenic lipoprotein indices were waist-to-hip ratio and physical inactivity, and in controls, waist-to-hip ratio and apoE phenotype. The odds ratio (OR) of PMI was 8.9-fold greater in the highest tertile of apoB/apoA-I distribution compared with the lowest tertile. The OR of PMI in the highest tertile of fibrinogen distribution versus the lowest tertile was 6.2 (95 % CI 2.46-15.44), and OR of PMI in the highest Lp(a) tertile versus the lowest was 3.1 (95 % CI 1.31-7.40). Thus, atherogenic dyslipidaemia was the most serious cardiovascular risk factor among PMI patients. From two thrombogenesis-related markers, the levels of fibrinogen and Lp(a), the first one was more strongly associated with PMI status.
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PMID:Determinants of risk factors of atherosclerosis in the postinfarction period: the Tallinn MI study. 1671 48

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both genders. Although premenopausal women display a lower prevalence in cardiovascular diseases compared with age-matched men, they lose this ''female advantage'' following menopause. There are significant gender differences in a wide spectrum of cardiovascular incidence, ranging from delayed disease onset to higher prevalence of comorbid diseases for females. Several factors have been suggested to contribute to such difference in cardiovascular incidence including sex hormones, gender-specific intrinsic organ function, difference in body size and cardiovascular risk factor profiles (e.g., use of tobacco and alcohol, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and atherogenic diet). A gender difference also exists for diabetes and diabetic complications. Heart diseases exhibits a 2-fold and a 5-fold increase in men and women with diabetes, respectively. Although female hearts are usually more tolerable to stress insults than their male counterparts, female sex hormone such as estrogen interacts with diabetic risk factors to precipitate cardiomyopathy. This review aims at recaping our knowledge on gender difference in diabetic heart disease with an emphasis on disease pathogenesis. Deficits and obstacles to optimal risk factor management in diabetic women are also discussed in an effort to improve the overall cardiovascular health of diabetic women.
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PMID:Cardiac health and diabetes mellitus in women: problems and prospects. 1673 4

The modern epidemic of obesity and insulin resistance with cardiovascular risk factor clustering is related to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Over 40 years ago, Neel postulated that insulin resistance should confer survival benefit. Extrapolating Neel's hypothesis, we propose that the cluster of associated abnormalities also confers survival benefit and is related to metabolic responses seen in seasonally responsive animals. Weight gain in preparation for winter is accompanied by a range of acute metabolic changes virtually identical to the long-term changes seen in type 2 diabetes. In seasonal animals the responses are acute, physiological and protective. In man, similar responses that would once have conferred survival benefit have become chronic, pathological and harmful in modern life. We hypothesise that type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in man are the result of chronic and inappropriate pineal-hypothalamic-adipocyte interactions biologically related to seasonal change.
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PMID:Neel revisited: the adipocyte, seasonality and type 2 diabetes. 1675 64

Chronic kidney disease is fast becoming a worldwide epidemic. In the US, the prevalence of chronic kidney disease is 11%. Its increase in the recent years has mirrored the rising trend of obesity, hypertension and diabetes, which are all components of the metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome comprises of 5 components: impaired fasting glucose, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and low high density lipoprotein cholesterol. While it is a well known cardiovascular risk factor in the general population, its effects in chronic kidney disease and dialysis populations has not been fully elucidated. While the number of people requiring renal replacement therapy is increasing globally, many of those with chronic kidney disease also suffer from cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This review discusses the interaction between chronic kidney disease and metabolic syndrome, and the impact of the two on the cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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PMID:Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. 1676 Aug 79

Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are the main causes of death in the Western world, for both men and women. The onset and development of diseases of the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system are strongly dependent on multiple risk factors that promote pathologic conditions like atherosclerosis, hypertension and thrombosis. Besides genetic factors also environmental influences such as diet composition are known to be closely related to CVD. In this context obesity has been postulated as an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Data from the Framingham Heart Study have consistently shown that increasing degrees of obesity are accompanied by greater rates of CVD. At present, obesity affects 10-35% of the European and US population and increases steadily. As obesity is a serious health problem which promotes metabolic abnormalities (insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia) and dramatically increases the risk for CVD, this review will focus on the epidemiologic and genetic background of obesity. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms involved in obesity development and their contribution to CVD will be discussed.
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PMID:Molecular basis of obesity and the risk for cardiovascular disease. 1677 May 55

Blood viscosity is an important cardiovascular risk factor that might be related to diabetes complications. Hyperinsulinemia has been suggested as "the most important candidate" to characterise diabetes as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. There is no evidence of the beneficial effect of insulin on type 2 diabetes erythrocytes in patients without cardiovascular disease, whereas the opposite is observed in those with cardiovascular disease. In the present study we analysed the in vitro effect of different doses of insulin on red blood cell rheological aspects in an obesity model. Previous studies carried out in beta strain rats had shown that this strain possess insulin blood levels higher than the ones observed in alpha strain (eumetabolic), as well as blood hyperviscosity and erythrocyte deformability decrease. Our results points out that in vitro insulin produced an increase in erythrocyte aggregability, although it did not modified either their osmotic fragility or erythrocyte deformability estimated by viscometry, even against decreased viscosity of treated erythrocytes submitted to increased shear rate.
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PMID:In vitro effect of insulin on rats erythrocytes rheological behaviour. 1689 58

Metabolic syndrome is a complex disorder and an emerging clinical challenge. It is considered a "multiplex" cardiovascular risk factor, in that each component of the cluster of abnormalities is a risk factor in its own right. Introduced as Syndrome X by Reaven in 1988 and also termed insulin resistance syndrome, metabolic syndrome is recognized clinically by the findings of abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, atherogenic dyslipidemia - i.e. low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated blood pressure, high blood glucose and/or insulin resistance. The goal of our research was to investigate intensity of "complete metabolic syndrome"- (abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, high blood glucose and/or insulin resistance) in patients with different degrees of obesity. In our study 570 patients have been involved. The patients were divided into 3 groups: I group--123 patients with first degree of obesity (body mass index - BMI - 30-34,9 kg/m2), II group--189 patients with II degree of obesity (BMI - 35-39,9 kg/m2), III group--258 patients with III degree of obesity (BMI >40 kg/m2). Results of carried out investigations have shown that the complete picture of metabolic syndrome was present in 132 (23,16%) patients and should note, that according to the increasing of obesity degrees also increases the intensity of metabolic syndrome.
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PMID:[Intensity of metabolic syndrome in patients with different degrees of obesity]. 1690 22

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains as the first cause of death worldwide. Scientific community works everyday trying to ameliorate this burden. Only in the year 2004 around 2,790 publications about the therapeutic use of antihypertensive agents can be found in MEDLINE. Despite this overwhelming effort and information, only a relatively short number of manuscripts have a real impact in clinical practice. For the busy clinician, it becomes almost impossible to screen and be updated with the landmark publications. The purpose of this article is to provide concise information related to prevention of CVD. We reviewed publications in the past 5 years regarding cardiovascular risk factors with special attention to dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, smoking cessation and obesity, discussing some new findings and treatments. We also discuss obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) as a recently identified cardiovascular risk factor, and provide a general overview about its pathophysiology and treatment.
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PMID:Update in prevention of atherosclerotic heart disease: management of major cardiovascular risk factors. 1695


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