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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study reports various developmental and behavioral changes in the offspring of rat dams that received monosodium glutamate (MSG) in the drinking water all through the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Three main effects were observed in the MSG exposed offspring: (1) juvenile obesity; (2) reduced general activity levels; (3) a specific type of learning disability in discrimination learning involving choice between simultaneously present positive and negative stimuli.
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PMID:Prenatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment given through the mother's diet causes behavioral deficits in rat offspring. 654 Dec 12

The diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is based on clinical findings that change with age. Hypotonia is prominent in infancy. Obesity, mild mental retardation or learning disability, and behavior problems, especially in association with food and eating, result in a debilitating physical and developmental disability in adolescence and adulthood. No consistent biological marker is yet available for PWS in spite of recent research activity in cytogenetics and molecular genetics. Diagnostic criteria for PWS were developed by consensus of seven clinicians experienced with the syndrome in consultation with national and international experts. Two scoring systems are provided: one for children aged 0 to 36 months and another one for children aged 3 years to adults. These criteria will aid in recognition of the syndrome in hypotonic infants and in obese, mildly retarded, behaviorally disturbed adolescents and adults. They will also ensure uniform diagnosis for future clinical and laboratory research in PWS.
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PMID:Prader-Willi syndrome: consensus diagnostic criteria. 842 17

Two hundred and one individuals with Down's syndrome were assessed for evidence of overweight and obesity. Thirty-one per cent of males and 22% of females were overweight, while 48% males and 47% females were obese. Overweight and obesity was significantly associated with living in the family home compared to supervised community units or in hospital. No association with the degree of learning disability was found.
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PMID:Overweight and obesity amongst Down's syndrome adults. 855 20

The prevalence of pediatric obesity is increasing in the United States. Sequelae from pediatric obesity are increasingly being seen, and long-term complications can be anticipated. Obesity is the most common cause of abnormal growth acceleration in childhood. Obesity in females is associated with an early onset of puberty and early menarche. Puberty is now occurring earlier in females than in the past, and this is probably related either directly or indirectly to the population increase in body weight. The effect of obesity on male pubertal maturation is more variable, and obesity can lead to both early and delayed puberty. Pubertal gynecomastia is a common problem in the obese male. Many of the complications of obesity seen in adults appear to be related to increased accumulation of visceral fat. It has been proposed that subcutaneous fat may be protective against the adverse effects of visceral fat. Males typically accumulate fat in the upper segment of the body, both subcutaneously and intraabdominally. In females, adiposity is usually subcutaneous and is found particularly over the thighs, although visceral fat deposition also occurs. Gender-related patterns of fat deposition become established during puberty and show significant familial associations. There are no reliable means for assessing childhood and adolescent visceral fat other than radiologically. Noninsulin-dependent diabetes is being seen more commonly in the pediatric population. Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance are noted particularly in obese children with a family history of diabetes. In this situation, a glucose tolerance test may be indicated, even in the presence of fasting normoglycemia. Hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels are the primary lipid abnormalities of obesity and are related primarily to the amount of visceral fat. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels are not typically elevated in simple obesity. The offspring of parents with early coronary disease tend to be obese. Very low-density lipoprotein and intermediate-density lipoprotein particles, which are small in size, may be important in atherogenesis but they cannot be identified in a fasting lipid panel. The propensity to atherogenesis cannot be interpreted readily from a fasting lipid panel, which therefore should be interpreted in conjunction with a family history for coronary risk factors. Hypertriglyceridemia may be indicative of increased visceral fat, familial combined hyperlipidemia, familial dyslipidemic hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, or diabetes. Almost half of adult females with polycystic ovary syndrome are obese and many have a central distribution of body fat. This condition frequently has its origins in adolescence. It is associated with increased androgen secretion, hirsutism, menstrual abnormalities, and infertility, although these may not be present in every case. Adults with polycystic ovary syndrome adults are hyperlipidemic, have a high incidence of impaired glucose tolerance and noninsulin-dependent diabetes, and are at increased risk for coronary artery disease. Weight reduction and lipid lowering therefore are an important part of therapy. Obstructive sleep apnea with daytime somnolence is a common problem in obese adults. Pediatric studies suggest that obstructive sleep apnea occurs in approximately 17% of obese children and adolescents. Sleep disorders in the obese may be a major cause of learning disability and school failure, although this remains to be confirmed. Symptoms suggestive of a sleep disorder include snoring, restlessness at night with difficulty breathing, arousals and sweating, nocturnal enuresis, and daytime somnolence. Questions to exclude obstructive sleep apnea should be part of the history of all obese children, particularly for the morbidly obese. For many children and adolescents with mild obesity, and particularly for females, one can speculate that obesity may not be a great health risk
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PMID:Childhood obesity, adipose tissue distribution, and the pediatric practitioner. 965 56

Hydrometrocolpos (HMC) and post-axial polydactyly (PAP) are common to both McKusick-Kaufman syndrome (MKS) and Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). We review reported cases of MKS and BBS presenting with HMC and PAP early in life to determine if there are clinical features that allow discrimination between the two syndromes as the primary features of retinitis pigmentosa, obesity, learning disability in BBS are age-dependent. We did not find any phenotypic features that allowed reliable differentiation between the two syndromes in the neonatal period. However, uterine, ovarian, and fallopian tube anomalies are more common in BBS patients, and it may be that these clinical features prove to be useful discriminating features. We conclude that sporadic female infants with HMC and PAP cannot be diagnosed with MKS until at least age 5 years and that monitoring for the complications of BBS should be performed in these patients.
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PMID:Phenotypic overlap of McKusick-Kaufman syndrome with bardet-biedl syndrome: a literature review. 1110 25

People with learning disabilities are at high risk of obesity and consequent health risks. This study aimed to (1) describe levels of obesity for adults supported by learning disability services, and to (2) evaluate the effectiveness of health practitioner input with individuals with learning disabilities. Body mass index (BMI) was measured at 6 month intervals and change in BMI over time was compared between a non-input group and a group receiving practitioner input to improve healthy living. Initially 35 percent of the non-input sample was classified as clinically obese. Mean BMI increased over time for the non-input group at first, but decreased for the group that received practitioner input. The differences in weight change between the two groups reached statistical significance with a greater weight reduction in the input group. Implications for service provision are discussed.
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PMID:Fighting fit? An evaluation of health practitioner input to improve healthy living and reduce obesity for adults with learning disabilities. 1593 51

Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder characterized by hypotonia, mental retardation or learning disability, hyperphagia and compulsive eating due to hypothalamic dysfunction. Obesity is a major cause of increased morbidity and mortality among patients with PWS. Gastric restrictive surgery has been associated with partial breakdown of the staple-line in PWS. We report two patients with PWS associated with morbid obesity and obstructive sleep apnea who underwent biliopancreatic diversion (BPD). A 27-year-old male with BMI 52 kg/m(2) and a 20 year-old female with BMI 64 kg/m(2) underwent BPD. No perioperative complications were observed. After BPD, the male's BMI was 36.7 kg/m(2) at 12 months and the female's BMI was 48.4 kg/m(2) at 28 months, with excess weight loss 58% and 48%, respectively. They developed loose stools associated with eating. These patients have shown a considerable improvement in hypersomnia and respiratory difficulties. BPD proved to be an effective approach to weight loss in PWS, resulting in improvement of sleep apnea, behavior problems and quality of life.
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PMID:Results of biliopancreatic diversion in two patients with Prader-Willi syndrome. 1597 69

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is characterized by obesity, mild mental retardation or learning disability, and behavior problems, especially in association with food and eating. A 19 year-old man, 150 cm, 140 kg (body mass index [BMI], 62.2 kg.m(-2)), whose condition had been diagnosed as PWS, received 41-day mechanical ventilation because of respiratory failure, chiefly due to morbid obesity. Because the patient frequently developed bronchoconstriction, metered-dose inhalers of a corticosteroid (beclomethasone dipropionate) and a beta2 agonist (salbutamol) were needed. To achieve adequate sedation, which was also crucial to control the bronchoconstriction, the concurrent use of midazolam, fentanyl, ketamine, and propofol was required. Pressure-control ventilation was useful to avoid high airway pressure due to low respiratory system compliance associated with the morbid obesity. Because it appeared that the basic problem leading to respiratory failure in this patient was morbid obesity, body weight reduction was considered to be mandatory. Thus, caloric intake was limited to 1000 kcal.day(-1), resulting in body weight reduction by 50 kg during the patient's stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). The patient was successfully extubated on ICU day 35.
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PMID:Respiratory failure due to morbid obesity in a patient with Prader-Willi syndrome: an experience of long-term mechanical ventilation. 1707 95

Periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is a rare neuronal migration disorder in which immature neurons fail to undergo a directed migration from the ventricular and subventricular zones to the cerebral cortex. Classic PNH occurs predominantly in females and is associated with periods of epilepsy and near-normal intelligence. One gene associated with PNH was mapped to chromosome Xq28. PNH with learning disability is reported in 15 male patients with several syndromes and various congenital abnormalities such as craniosynostosis, frontonasal malformation, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. We present a 26-year-old male patient who was followed up with the diagnosis of epilepsy from the age of 1 year. Additionally the patient had severe learning disability, obesity, and hypogonadism. Imaging of his brain demonstrated PNH. Klinefelter syndrome was clinically suspected, and analysis of his chromosomes revealed a karyotype 46,XY,der(19)t(X;19) (q11.1-11.2;p13.3). Molecular techniques, such as subtelomere-specific fluorescent in-situ hybridization and multicolour banding, were also used. The same translocation was demonstrated in his mother and his maternal grandmother. This family might help to explain the gene localization of X-linked recessive PNH. In our patient, PNH is associated with familial (X;19) translocation. To our knowledge, this unique combination has not been reported in the medical literature.
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PMID:Bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia, severe learning disability, and epilepsy in a male patient with 46,XY,der(19)t(X;19) (q11.1-11.2;p13.3). 1735 80

Subtelomeric imbalances have been implicated in developmental delay and mental retardation (MR) and described for most chromosomes. This study reports the first detailed description of two individuals with de novo 12q subtelomere deletions and high-resolution mapping of their deletion size with oligonucleotide array CGH for genotype/phenotype comparisons. Patient 1 is an 8-year-old male with borderline mild MR, food-seeking behavior, obesity, no significant dysmorphic facial features, abnormal hair whorl pattern, brachydactyly and mild clinodactyly. Patient 2 is a 12-year-old male with mild MR, food-seeking behavior, obesity, short stature, mild dysmorphic facial features, multicystic kidney and unilateral cryptorchidism. Both patients share a deleted region of approximately 1.6 Mb, including 14 known genes, which perhaps contributed to their similar phenotypes. However, Patient 2 has more severe MR and organ system involvement, possibly due to the larger deletion size ( approximately 4.5 Mb) including an additional eight genes, although it is difficult to make phenotype/genotype correlations based on only two patients. Due to the relatively mild presentation of both of our patients, we propose that a proportion of individuals with subtelomeric imbalances may go undetected and therefore, recommend subtelomeric studies be carried out for cases of unexplained mild MR or isolated learning disability (LD) with behavioral problems in the absence of major dysmorphic features or birth defects. In addition, 12q subtelomeric deletions should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with food-seeking behavior and resultant obesity, as well as those referred to rule out Prader-Willi syndrome.
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PMID:Genotype/phenotype correlations in two patients with 12q subtelomere deletions. 1793 41


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