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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The incidence of ovarian cancer in Rochester, Minnesota over the 40-year period 1935 through 1974 was determined; and risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer occurring in Rochester from 1945 to 1974 were examined in 116 patients and 464 controls. Among the characteristics studied, only nulliparity was found to be a significant risk factor--relative risk 1.8. Other suspected risk factors--including hypertension, obesity, age at menopause, prior therapeutic pelvic radiation, and prior exposure to exogenous estrogen--were found not to differ significantly between patients and controls. The ovarian cancer patients were found to have a significantly lower frequency of prior hysterectomy and of unilateral oophorectomy than the control group. Thus out data show that hysterectomy, even when one or both ovaries are preserved, is associated with a lower risk of subsequent ovarian cancer.
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PMID:Ovarian cancer: incidence and case-control study. 42 Nov 90

One hundred seven patients with epithelial ovarian cancer and one hundred fifty healthy women, categorized according to age, were evaluated for constitutional characteristics and also for dietary habits. No significant differences were observed between patients and controls in menarchal and menopausal history. Daily intake of proteins, glycides, lipids and calories was significantly higher in patients than in controls. However obesity was not confirmed as a risk factor for ovarian cancer. These conflicting data confirm that in ovarian neoplasia, although the exact mechanism is unknown (direct action or indirect effect), dietary factors may play an important role, suggesting a new mechanism in the etiology of this disease.
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PMID:Ovarian cancer and dietary habits. 154 99

The connection of body fat distribution (BFD) and the risk of developing mammary, cervical, endometrial or ovarian carcinoma was ascertained for 163 patients with carcinoma (mean age 49.9 [19-78] years) and 489 controls of comparable age and body-mass index. BFD was expressed as the ratio of waist and hip circumference (T/H ratio of 0.822 vs 0.781 and 0.826 vs 0.789, respectively; P less than 0.01). In premenopausal women with mammary or cervical carcinoma and in all postmenopausal women BFD was similar to that in the control subjects. A common cause of android obesity and ovarian or endometrial carcinoma may be a reduction of sex-hormone-binding globulins with an elevated serum level of free androgens and oestrogens.
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PMID:[Obesity, body fat distribution and the incidence of breast, cervical, endometrial and ovarian carcinomas]. 225 79

Data from a population-based case-control study conducted in Washington State and Utah were used to assess whether obesity is associated with an altered risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Quetelet index, defined as weight (kg) at age 30 years divided by height (m) squared, was calculated for each woman, and the values for all subjects were divided into five categories of approximately equal size. Compared with women in the lowest category, women in the highest category had an odds ratio of 1.7 (95 per cent CI 1.1-2.7). Risks for women in the three intermediate Quetelet index categories also exceeded the risk for women in the lowest group, but to a much smaller degree. Among women with serous tumors, those in the highest Quetelet index category were at a greater than twofold excess risk (OR = 2.2, 95 per cent CI 1.1-4.2), but the risk was not increased in the intermediate categories. For endometrioid tumors, risk increased consistently with increasing Quetelet index, and the odds ratio in the highest category was 4.7 (95 per cent CI 1.0-22.7). For both serous and endometrioid tumors, the excess risk was largely confined to premenopausal women. The results of this analysis suggest that for at least some types of ovarian tumor, obesity may warrant further attention as a possible etiologic factor.
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PMID:Association of obesity and ovarian cancer in a case-control study. 272 64

With data from a study of 296 patients with primary epithelial ovarian cancer and 343 patients hospitalized because of other conditions, we estimated ovarian cancer risk in accordance with reproductive and other factors. Risk was greatest among women of lower parity, especially among women who said they planned to have children but could not. The protective effect of oral contraceptives seen in other studies was observed only in subgroups of our study population. Women who had breastfed their children had decreased risk, but the number of months of breastfeeding was not related to risk. Incomplete pregnancies did not provide the protection seen for live births. A family history of ovarian cancer and a medical history of breast cancer were both strong risk factors. None of the nonreproductive factors that we examined, including childhood illnesses, tobacco and alcohol consumption, obesity, and selected adult diseases, was convincingly associated with risk.
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PMID:A case-control study of epithelial ovarian cancer. 275 Jul 91

A longitudinal population study of 1462 women, aged 38-60 years, was carried out in Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1968-69. In univariate analysis anthropometric variables indicating centrally localized adipose tissue (waist circumference, the ratio of waist to hip circumference and the subscapular skinfold) showed significant age-standardized positive associations with the occurrence (prevalence + incidence data) of endometrial carcinoma. Incidence data suggested that measurements of centrally localized adipose tissue might be of predictive value for this malignancy as well as for ovarian carcinoma. In contrast, measurements of generalized obesity (body weight or body mass index) or peripherally localized adipose tissue (triceps skinfold) showed no associations to these malignancies. No relationship was observed between the anthropometric variables studied and breast carcinoma. The association observed between endometrial and ovarian carcinomas with central adipose tissue did, however, not remain in multivariate analysis when generalized obesity was taken into account. Centrally localized adipose tissue is known to be associated with endocrine abberations including irregular ovulation and menstruation, re-emphasizing the importance of endocrine factors for the pathogenesis of endometrial and ovarian carcinomas. No positive association was found between development of the carcinomas and initial measurements of blood glucose, serum lipids or blood pressure, found to be elevated in cross-sectional studies. An increase in these variables therefore probably are parallel phenomena rather than predictors. The women with endometrial or breast carcinomas smoked more than the remaining women. Although the number of end-points observed was limited these results suggest that measurements of adipose tissue distribution might be a valuable addition to the predictors of endometrial and ovarian carcinomas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Adipose tissue distribution and female carcinomas. A 12-year follow-up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. 305 18

Data from the Cancer and Steroid Hormone study was used to evaluate the effect o cigarette smoking on the risk of developing epithelial ovarian cancer. This multicenter, population-based case-control study of oral contraceptive (OC) use and ovarian, breast, and endometrial cancer enrolled women between December 1, 1980, and December 31, 1982, in 8 geographic areas: Atlanta, Detroit, San Francisco, and Seattle; the states of Connecticut, Iowa, and New Mexico; and the 4 urban counties of Utah. Eligible cases were women 20-54 years old first diagnosed as having ovarian cancer of any histologic type which was ascertained through population-based tumor registries in the above-mentioned areas during the study interval. Interviews were completed with 579 of the eligible cases (71.0%). The study controls were women 20-54 years of age selected by telephoning randomly selected phone numbers of households in the same geographic areas as the cases. 4754 of those selected were interviewed. A standard questionnaire was administered to participants in their homes by trained interviewers. Women who had never smoked a total of 100 cigarettes to be nonsmokers in this analysis. Age, parity, and ever-use of OCs (for 3 or more consecutive months) were considered to be potentially confounding factors because they are known to be associated with smoking. Women with epithelial ovarian cancer were more likely than controls to be white, nulliparous, to have used OCs, and to have had a natural menopause. Women who had ever smoked cigarettes had the same risk of epithelial ovarian cancer as women who had never smoked; this was the case when current smoking and past smoking were considered. There was a slightly reduced risk of ovarian cancer among women who had stopped smoking 10 or more years earlier, but the association was not statistically significant. Cumulative lifetime exposure to cigarette smoking categorized by increasing pack-years showed no statistically significant dose effect. Among smokers, no significant linear trend was present when pack-years was used as a continuous variable. No effect of latency was found. The age that a woman began smoking had no effect on ovarian cancer risk. Stratification of the data according to age, race, education, parity, OC use, infertility, noncontraceptive estrogen use, menopausal status, alcohol use, obesity, and family history of ovarian cancer did not reveal any appreciably different effects of smoking on ovarian cancer risk in different subgroups of women. Likelihood ratio tests revealed no statistically significant interactions.
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PMID:Cigarette smoking and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. 359 76

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) shows a worlwide trend toward increase in industrialized nations which cannot be explained solely by the longer life expectancy of women although the incidence of EC increases at later age (10-20/100,000 women overall; 1/1000 women in 50-70 year olds). Mortality rate of EC has decreased and 5-year survival rate has increased. Besides age factors and individual disposition, endocrine factors are important in the etiology of EC. Obesity effects estrogen metabolism: in extraglandular aromatization fo androstanedione estrone is formed which, in turn, is metabolized to estradiol in the endometrium. A higher plasma level of estradiol is found in obesity with a correspondingly lower sex hormonebinding globulin capacity. Anovulation, corpus luteum insufficiency (as in the polycystic ovary syndrome) and nulliparity are risk factors because of uninhibited estrogen-induced endometrial proliferation with increased cell-turnover rate. This may lead to precancerous conditions and EC. Whearas estrogens of themselves are not carcinogenic they promote EC; epidemiologic studies have shown an increased risk and incidence of EC in postmenopausal women on longterm estrogen therapy. Although these studies are thus far inconclusive there appears to be a dose and time-dependent risk factor. Continued administration carries a greater risk than cyclic administration. Risk and incidence increase with duration of use; likewise, a 1.25 mg dose of conjugated estrogens carries twice the risk of a smaller dose. On the other had, estrogen-related EC is diagnosed earlier and treated more successfully (92% survival). Progestins inhibit estrogen-induced proliferation; the incidence of endometrial and/or ovarian carcinoma related to the use of hormonal contraceptives has dropped since the advent and use of combination pills with their low estrogen content.
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PMID:[Current views on the epidemiology and etiology of endometrial carcinoma]. 635 Jan 18

The association between factors of reproductive life and the occurrence of epithelial ovarian cancer were examined and anovulation and reduced gonadotrophin secretion were considered as mechanisms through which such factors might play their protective roles. All women with newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer and who were resident in 6 counties of Washington and Utah during 1976 through 1979 were interviewed concerning their menstrual, reproductive, and medical histories. For comparison, interviews were also obtained from a random sample of women living in the same counties. To consider adequately the simultaneous effects of multiple relevant and possibly confounding variables, linear logistic regression techniques were used to analyze the data. Women with cancer reported fewer full-term pregnancies, fewer miscarriages, and less total time breastfeeding than controls. Cases in the Washington counties reported fewer exposures to combined oral contraceptive (OC) preparations. The difference between cases and controls was not apparent in the Utah data, possibly because of the low frequency of OC use among Utah residence and the small size of Utah samples. Obesity, defined as more than 20% excess weight at age 30 over the upper limit of ideal for a woman of a given height and medium frame was reported slightly more often by the cases than by the controls. Results obtained for reproduction variables appeared largely consistent with those of previous studies, in that factors associated with suppression of ovulation were generally protective. Histories of childbearing, miscarriages, lactation, and (in Washington) OC use were found to be associated with decreased risk of ovarian cancer. The estimated relative risks were, respectively, 0.88/pregnancy, 0.82/miscarriage, 0.79/year of lactation, and 0.89/year of OC. It was observed that the magnitudes off the diminished risks from these exposures substantially exceeded those which would have been expected solely on the basis of their inhibition of ovulation. The lack of association found between the occurrence of ovarian cancer and either total dose or total time of exposure to noncontraceptive estrogens, or with a history of usage of thyroid medications, suggests that periods of reduced pituitary gonadotrophin secretion fails to reduce risk of ovarian cancer. Pregnancy, lactation, and OC use appear to offer some protection against the development of epithelial ovarian cancer, yet the reasons remain obscure.
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PMID:Events of reproductive life and the incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer. 668 35

Obese women are at higher risk for the development of both endometrial and ovarian carcinoma. Biochemical mechanisms represent documented causal factors but the role of psycho-social attitudes has received limited attention. This study examined the difference in the frequency of pelvic screening examinations between obese and non-obese women and the effect of physician and patient attitudes toward obesity on examination frequency. A total of 291 women subjects and 1316 physician subjects participated in this study. Data reported in this paper suggest that attitudes and behaviors are negatively influenced by weight. As subjects' weight went up, negative opinions about their appearance and reluctance to obtain pelvic examinations also increased while the likelihood of having annual pelvic examinations decreased. A substantial minority (17%) and an overwhelming majority (83%) of physicians indicated they were reluctant to perform pelvic examinations on obese and reluctant patients respectively. If physicians are more reluctant to perform pelvic examinations on obese and reluctant women and obese women are more reluctant to be examined, there may be a critical delay in detecting adenocarcinomas of the female genital tract.
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PMID:The relationship of obesity to the frequency of pelvic examinations: do physician and patient attitudes make a difference? 837 79


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