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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

From an overview of epidemiological evidence on nutrition, diet and cancers of the breast, endometrium and ovary, the following indications can be drawn: Overweight and obesity are causally related to endometrial and post-menopausal breast cancer, and may account for as much as one third of the cases of endometrial and one tenth of breast cancer in Europe. It is not known whether obesity or overweight early in life has any role on breast cancer risk, nor whether obesity influences ovarian carcinogenesis. Overweight tends to be associated with an unfavourable prognosis for breast cancer. Despite extensive research, the available knowledge on diet and breast cancer is largely inconsistent, and the results from ecological and individual-based studies are contradictory in relation to fat, proteins, total energy, alcohol, etc. There are only scanty data on diet and endometrial or ovarian cancer, which tend to suggest role for fat (or animal fat) in the risk of these neoplasms. The evidence on diet and breast, ovarian and endometrial carcinogenesis is still too scanty or inconsistent to be of any practical preventive value. Thus, the only clear indication for prevention is that a reduction of overweight would avoid a substantial number of cases of endometrial and post-menopausal breast cancer.
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PMID:Nutritional factors and cancers of the breast, endometrium and ovary. 269 10

Both animal and human studies indicate that increased caloric intake and increases in body weight and obesity are associated with increased risk of cancer of the breast, endometrium, ovaries, colon, rectum and prostate. Recent animal studies indicate that it is the total caloric intake, rather than the percent of fat in the diet, that is associated with tumorigenesis and carcinogenesis, and that tumor development depends on a complex interaction involving energy intake, energy expenditure, energy retention within the body (body fat vs lean body mass) and body size. Omega-3 fatty acids inhibit tumorigenesis and tumor growth in many cancer models in rodents. Exercise diminishes tumor formation in mice, rats and humans. Exercise delays mortality from all causes, and life-long exercise is associated with decreased cancers of the breast and reproductive system in women, and cancer of the colon in women and men.
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PMID:Nutritional cancer risks derived from energy and fat. 332 85

The effects of neonatal androgenization on endometrial carcinogenesis and natural killer (NK) cell activity which may facilitate the development of malignant tumors were studied. Abnormal uterine proliferation was not detected in any of 162 NR during a 800-day observation period. In contrast, 3 atypical hyperplasias, 3 adenocarcinomas and one squamous cell carcinoma of the uterus were detected in 61 ASR after 500 days of age. In ASR, obesity became prominent with aging and spleen weight also increased after 500 days of age. Concerning the target cell of NK cell activity assay, YAC-1 lymphoma cells are the best cell line of the three cell lines in a variety of experimental conditions. NK cell activity of both NR and ASR decreased with age. NK cell activities of ASR significantly decreased at both 250 and 500 days of age in comparison with those of NR. Such persistently reduced NK cell activity which implies that a decline in immune surveillance is one of the important factors in endometrial carcinogenesis of ASR after 500 days of age.
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PMID:[Effects of neonatal androgenization on endometrial carcinogenesis and natural killer (NK) activity]. 379 45

The importance of the major risk factors for endometrial cancer in women of different ages was evaluated with the use of data from a hospital-based case-control study conducted in Milan, Italy, on 283 women with endometrial cancer and 566 age-matched controls. Current weight was related strongly to the risk of endometrial cancer both in younger (premenopausal) and in older women (with risk estimates for the heaviest categories of 20.3 and 7.7, respectively), thus confirming that obesity is the major cause of endometrial cancer in Northern Italy. Endometrial cancer risk appeared to be approximately proportional to the second power of body mass index. Early menarche and nulliparity were associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer in premenopausal women, the point estimate for nulliparity rising to 35.1 (with lower confidence limit of 10.2) after adjustment for marital status. However, no association with these factors was evident in postmenopausal women. Combination oral contraceptives were used by 2 cases and 19 controls only [relative risk (RR) = 0.2, with 95% confidence interval = 0.1-0.8]. The use of noncontraceptive estrogens was associated with an elevated risk, which was greater in perimenopausal women (RR = 5.1 for greater than 2 yr of use), and decreased progressively with increasing time after menopause. Late menopause was also related to endometrial cancer. However, the risk estimates for late menopause apparently were more elevated in older women (greater than or equal to 65 yr) than in perimenopausal women. Most of the risk factors identified (excluding late menopause) apparently act on one of the later stages of the process of carcinogenesis, because the excess risk drops after cessation of exposure.
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PMID:Risk factors for endometrial cancer at different ages. 659 Sep 13

The important finding was that sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) binds 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) with more efficacy than 17 beta-estradiol in patients with breast cancer and that SHBG binds it with less efficacy than 17 beta-estradiol in normal women. An unexpected finding was that there was no correlation between SHBG-binding capacity for 17 beta-estradiol and that for DHT of the same plasma. On the basis of these findings, we confirmed that SHBG-binding capacity for 17 beta-estradiol was a useful predictive index of hormone dependence of human breast cancer. We studied the correlation between SHBG-binding capacity for 17 beta-estradiol and Kaup Index as an index of obesity to examine the interaction between obesity and carcinogenesis of hormone-dependent breast cancer. Significant positive correlation between SHBG-binding capacity for 17 beta-estradiol and Kaup Index was achieved in premenopausal patients. Our results indicate that obesity is an important risk factor for carcinogenesis of hormone-dependent breast cancer.
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PMID:Plasma sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and obesity in breast cancer patients. 668 84

Breast duct obliteration and periductal elastosis were studied in 100 breast carcinomas with a maximum diameter of 20 mm or less. Seventy percent of all tumours and 90% of lobular and tubular carcinomas had obliterated ducts with radial scars at the centre of the lesion. Obesity, parity and diabetes mellitus had no apparent association with duct obliteration and periductal elastosis. The striking two peaks in age distribution suggest the presence of endocrine influences. Duct obliteration with periductal elastosis occurs where the breast shows most changes during development and involution making this the high risk zone for carcinogenesis.
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PMID:A contribution to the natural history of breast cancer. I. Duct obliteration with periductal elastosis in the centre of breast cancers. 712 1

Excessive weight gain in women at the time of intense hormonal change can result in metabolic dysfunction. The metabolic/endocrine effect of puberty, pregnancy or menopause on breast tissue 'aging' is likely to be more relevant to a woman's breast cancer risk than is her degree of obesity at the time when the cancer presents. Experimental evidence suggests that the susceptibility of mammary tissue to carcinogenesis is greatest in early adult life, and multiple studies show that a history of weight gain in early adult life is associated with increased breast cancer risk in Western women. Excessive weight gain in that age group is associated with the development of hyperinsulinaemia in individuals with genetic susceptibility to insulin resistance. The insulin resistance syndrome may be a metabolic link between weight gain and breast cancer risk in Western women. Some studies suggest that in postmenopausal women, hyperinsulinaemia is related more to overall obesity, whereas in premenopausal women it is related more to abdominal localisation of fat. This may explain why an increased body mass index is a risk marker for breast cancer in postmenopausal but not premenopausal women. (A premenopausal woman with an average body mass index may have a large intra-abdominal fat mass associated with the presence of hyperinsulinaemia.) It is hypothesised that over-nutrition and inadequate physical exercise favour the development of hyperinsulinaemia and also increase breast cancer risk in women with a genetic susceptibility to both conditions. The hypothesis can be tested by specific intervention studies.
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PMID:Timing of weight gain in relation to breast cancer risk. 761 89

Some factors related to Westernization or industrialization increase risk of colon cancer. It is believed widely that this increase in risk is related to the direct effects of dietary fat and fiber in the colonic lumen. However, the fat and fiber hypotheses, at least as originally formulated, do not explain adequately many emerging findings from recent epidemiologic studies. An alternative hypothesis, that hyperinsulinemia promotes colon carcinogenesis, is presented here. Insulin is an important growth factor of colonic epithelial cells and is a mitogen of tumor cell growth in vitro. Epidemiologic evidence supporting the insulin/colon-cancer hypothesis is largely indirect and based on the similarity of factors which produce elevated insulin levels with those related to colon cancer risk. Specifically, obesity--particularly central obesity, physical inactivity, and possibly a low dietary polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat ratio--are major determinants of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, and appear related to colon cancer risk. Moreover, a diet high in refined carbohydrates and low in water-soluble fiber, which is associated with an increased risk of colon cancer, causes rapid intestinal absorption of glucose into the blood leading to postprandial hyperinsulinemia. The combination of insulin resistance and high glycemic load produces particularly high insulin levels. Thus, hyperinsulinemia may explain why obesity, physical inactivity, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables and high in red meat and extensively processed foods, all common in the West, increase colon cancer risk.
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PMID:Insulin and colon cancer. 774 56

The authors subdued 183 vegetarians to examination, the aim of which was to judge the state of health and nutrition of the vegetarian population. The examined group was composed of people with their age ranging from 19-60 years, out of which 102 were of younger (19-39 years) and 81 were of older age. Their average period of vegetarian food consumption was 4.2 years. One third of men and a half of women were lacto-vegetarians, the rest were lacto-ovo-vegetarians. The results were compared with 160 nonvegetarians (64 of younger and 96 of older age). The detected values of lipid parameters were evaluated as favourable for vegetarians (low values of cholesterol, triacylglycerols, atherogenic index, LDL-cholesterol, the share of HDL-cholesterol was 28-33% (vs 24-26% in nonvegetarians) with values converging to 1.4 mmol.l-1--i.e. reduced risk). Additional favourable factors in prevention of atherosclerosis include the absence of obesity in vegetarians and values of antisclerotic active substances in blood (high values of vitamin C, in comparison with nonvegetarians a significantly higher molar ratio of vitamin E/cholesterol and vitamin E/triacylglycerols--more effective protection against peroxidation of lipids). Vegetarian mode of food consumption may be favourably evaluated regarding prooxidative-antioxidative parameters which play an important role in the process of atherogenesis, and carcinogenesis. Significantly lower values of conjugated dienes in plasma of vegetarians and vice versa high values of antioxidant substances (vitamin C, vitamin E/lipid components, catalase activity) were detected. A more pronounced system of detoxication in vegetarians is important due to a possible risk of an increased intake of xenogenous substances. (Tab. 3, Ref. 27.)
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PMID:[Lipid and pro-oxidative and antioxidative parameters in the blood of vegetarians]. 855 57

Earlier onset of menarche and tallness in adult women are mainly confirmed as risk markers for breast cancer. Recent disparate case-control studies have reported abdominal-type obesity and higher circulating levels of insulin, testosterone and insulin-like growth factor 1, to be further risk markers for breast cancer. There is evidence that abdominal-type obesity is recognisable in girls even before puberty, and disparate studies have shown it to be correlated with earlier onset of menarche, insulin resistance leading to hyperinsulinaemia, and an abnormal sex steroid profile. The implications are that earlier onset of puberty in a subset of girls can lead to more prolonged exposure of developing breast tissue to an abnormal sex steroid profile and also to a higher circulating level of insulin. It is postulated that these metabolic/endocrine concomitants of abdominal-type obesity could play a role in promoting mammary carcinogenesis at a young age, particularly if genetic predisposition is present.
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PMID:Does early physical maturity influence breast cancer risk? 820 71


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