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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors contribute to the validating literature for binge eating disorder (BED) by examining perceptions of parents and satisfaction with life among obese women with and without BED. Participants were female patients, recruited through a private medical clinic, who were assigned to groups on the basis of body mass index (BMI) and scores on the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns (QEWP; R. L. Spitzer et al., 1992). Groups consisted of (a) obese women with BED (n = 32), (b) obese women who had no eating disorders (n = 51), and (c) nonobese women with no eating disorders (n = 30). All participants completed the Parental Acceptance/Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ; R. P. Rohner, 1986), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; J. Fischer & K. Corcoran, 1994), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; A. T. Beck & R. A. Steer, 1987). Obese women with BED perceived their fathers as more rejecting than did women in the other groups. Moreover, obese women with BED perceived their fathers as significantly more rejecting than their mothers. The BED group indicated lower satisfaction with life and higher levels of depression than the groups without eating disorders. These findings further validate the diagnostic category of BED. Obese women with BED appear to be a distinct subgroup of the obese population. The results indicate a need for further assessment of the father-daughter relationship in connection to BED and other eating disorders.
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PMID:Perception of parental acceptance in women with binge eating disorder. 1065 44

The second and third generation of antidepressants, i.e., the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, nefazodone, venlafaxine, and mirtazapine, are proving to be useful in a variety of seemingly diverse disorders, including most anxiety disorders. In addition to receiving approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for major depressive disorder, some of the newer antidepressants have received FDA approval for other disorders, e.g., generalized anxiety disorder (venlafaxine), bulimia nervosa (fluoxetine), obsessive-compulsive disorder (fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, and fluoxetine), social phobia (paroxetine), panic disorder (sertraline, paroxetine), and posttraumatic stress disorder (sertraline). In controlled studies, these agents have also shown usefulness in premenstrual dysphoric disorder, borderline personality disorder, obesity, smoking cessation, and alcoholism. This article describes the new and potential indications for recently developed antidepressants and the studies that suggested these indications.
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PMID:New indications for antidepressants. 1181 76

Leptin is a protein produced by the ob-ob gene which inhibits food intake. Plasma levels have previously been reported to be altered in obesity and anorexia nervosa (AN) but not bulimia nervosa (BN). We measured fasting plasma leptin levels by radioimmunoassay in 53 subjects carefully studied at NIMH, including 37 women meeting DSM-III-R criteria for BN [10 with concurrent AN (body mass index (BMI)=14.1+/-1.4), 27 without AN (BMI=20.4+/-1.6)] and 16 normal control women (NCs) (BMI=21.1+/-2.0). Patients were medication-free and abstinent from bingeing and purging for three to four weeks prior to study. Plasma leptin levels were significantly correlated to BMI (r=0.41, P<0.002), weight (kg, r=0.43, P<0.001), and percent average body weight (%ABW, r=0.45, P<0.001) in the total group. Plasma leptin levels were lower in the BN subjects (3.4+/-2.5 ng/ml) compared to the NCs (6.1+/-2.6 ng/ml, P<0.001, ANCOVA) even after controlling for BMI and weight. There was no significant difference between BN subjects with AN (n=10, 2.6+/-2.6 ng/ml) and those without AN (n=27, 3.8+/-2.4 ng/ml), despite lower BMI in BN with AN. Furthermore, leptin levels were decreased in BN without AN compared with healthy controls, even though BMI was comparable in these two subgroups. Plasma leptin concentrations were negatively correlated with baseline plasma cortisol levels (n=49, r=-0.49, P<0.001) and positively correlated with prolactin responses following L-tryptophan (n=49, r=0.37, P<0.009) and m-chlorophenylpiperazine (n=52, r=0.24, P<0.09). This is the first known report of decreased plasma leptin levels in BN. The decrement in leptin concentration is not related to BMI, body weight, or the presence or absence of BN. HPA axis activation as well as serotonin dysregulation may be related to decreased leptin levels, which may in turn contribute to disinhibited eating in BN. Although current leptin levels were not correlated with self-reported previous binge frequency, the role of leptin in the pathophysiology of BN deserves further study.
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PMID:Reduced plasma leptin concentrations in bulimia nervosa. 1093 46

Over the last 50 years, the nutritional and socioeconomic conditions have dramatically changed in all industrialized countries. As a consequence, there has been a sharp rise in the prevalence of obesity. Simultaneously, social and cultural pressures to maintain a thin body shape have significantly increased. This untoward situation is largely responsible for the steady increase of eating disorders, especially bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder, which are common disorders among normal or overweight individuals. Although the criteria for bulimia nervosa were first described in the DSM-III in 1980 (APA, 1980), recent studies have demonstrated that only about 12% of these patients are detected by their GP's. One reason for this low rate of detection may be due to the tendency of patients to conceal their illness from others. It is also possible, however, that general practitioners lack sufficient knowledge about bulimia nervosa, preventing proper identification. To help improve this situation, diagnostic guidelines and therapeutic options were summarized. Binge-eating disorder (BED), which is classified as an "eating disorder not otherwise specified" in the DSM-IV (APA, 1994), has been described as the most relevant eating disorder for overweight individuals. It has been estimated that approximately 20-30% of overweight persons seeking help at weight loss programs are classified as binge eaters. Initial results from these studies suggest that binge eaters may require a modified psychotherapeutic approach which focuses on normalizing disordered eating patterns before attempting weight loss. In addition to the importance of screening for eating disorder behaviors, overweight patients should be assessed for other comorbid conditions, such as depression and anxiety. Further, body image disturbances should be assessed during the evaluation. In the event that comorbid disorders are present, it is recommended that specific psychotherapeutic interventions which target these problems be integrated into the overall weight reduction program.
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PMID:[Eating behavior, eating disorders and obesity]. 1102 87

Binge eating disorder (BED) is a syndrome marked by recurrent episodes of binge eating, in the absence of the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors. Since the inclusion of BED in DSM-IV as a Diagnostic Category in Need of Further Research, a great deal of research has been conducted. This paper reviews research on BED since publication of DSM-IV in 1994. We conclude that questions about the definition of BED persist. Furthermore, recent studies which have strictly used the DSM-IV definition of BED have found that the full syndrome is found in less than 3% of obese adults seeking weight loss treatment and occurs in less than 1% of the general adult population. Binge eating is a common symptom associated with obesity, however. BED may be conceptualized as a psychiatric syndrome or it may be viewed as a behavioral symptom associated with obesity. We conclude that clarification of this conceptual issue is needed if research on BED is to progress.
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PMID:Binge eating disorder: a review of the literature after publication of DSM-IV. 1123 38

This paper describes definition and classification of Eating Disorders which centered on the atypical cases. Eating disorders in DSM-IV were further classified into 3 groups. Three groups were Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified. Binge Eating Disorders frequently transfer to obese patient. This disease entity become independent of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. Body weight changing trend evaluated not only cross section but also longitudinal observation. There are some experience cases which Anorexia Nervosa cause by diet therapy of obesity patient. A lot of Eating Disorder patients revealed atypical courses during clinical treatment. The symptom of disturbances in the way in which their body weight and sharp could not easy to confirm routine history taking. One type of eating disorders eat throughout the day with no planned mealtimes.
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PMID:[Definition and classification of eating disorders]. 1126 3

Binge eating disorder (BED) was included in the DSM IV as a proposed diagnostic category for further study and as an example for an eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). BED is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating in the absence of regular compensatory behavior such as vomiting or laxative abuse. Related features include eating until uncomfortably full, eating when not physically hungry, eating alone and feelings of depression or guilt. BED is associated with increased psychopathology including depression and personality disorders. Although BED is not limited to obese individuals, it is most common in this group and those who seek help do so for treatment of overweight rather than for binge eating. In community samples, the prevalence of BED has been found to be 2-5%, in individuals who seek weight control treatment the prevalence is 30%. BED is more equal in gender ratio than bulimia nervosa. Eating disorder treatments such as cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) or interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) improve binge eating with abstinence rates of about 50%. Antidepressants are also effective in reducing binge eating, though less so than psychotherapy. Standard weight loss treatments including bariatric surgery do not seem to exacerbate binge eating problems. Thus, both eating disorder and obesity treatments seem to be beneficial in BED. However, it is recommended today that treatment should first be directed at the disordered eating and associated psychopathology.
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PMID:Binge eating disorder and obesity. 1146 89

During the two last decades, several epidemiological studies have been conducted on bulimia nervosa. According to recent studies, prevalence rates were estimated to be 1%. There are a very few studies on eating behaviour conducted in Arab countries. The aims of the current study were to assess prospectively the prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa and its characteristics in a Moroccan context in a randomly selected and representative sample of students attending six secondary schools in Casablanca. A second group composed of the students of the French secondary school of Casablanca was included in the survey in order to verify the influence of socio-cultural factors. Subjects completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Bulimic Investigatory Test of Edinburgh (BITE), a 33-item self-report measure of both the symptoms and severity of bulimia nervosa. A score of 25 or higher suggests a bulimic syndrome; 2,044 subjects returned their questionnaires (participation rate = 75.8%). The group of Moroccan school included 1,887 subjects and the French school 157 subjects. Females were preponderant (59%). The mean age was 18.3 +/- 1.2 years (15-22 years). For the first group, at least one substance was taken by 290 (15.3%) students: 12.7% were addicted to tobacco and 5.7% consumed occasionally alcohol. 16.3% reported a familial history of disturbed eating behaviour. According to the BITE, the overall prevalence of bulimia was 0.8% (1.2% in female and 0.1 in male subjects). The mean age of bulimic subjects was 18.6 +/- 1.7 years (16-24 years). The only male case in our sample was aged 24 years, without personal nor familial psychiatric history, consumed regularly tobacco and alcohol. His BITE symptoms score was 20 and severity score was 17, the highest score in our sample. Analyses of correlates of bulimia nervosa in the Moroccan sample showed that the group of bulimic subjects did not differ from the non bulimic with regard to any sociodemographic characteristics except sex: the female sex was predominant (p < 0.005) with 14 cases, the prevalence of bulimic syndrome was 1.2% among girls. This prevalence was 0.1% among boys. The bulimic subjects have regularly used different compensatory behaviours to control their weight: 6 (33.3%) used appetite suppressants, 3 (16.6%) used diuretics and 4 (22.2%) were engaged in self-induced vomiting. In the group of the french school, the prevalence of bulimia was 1.9% in the whole sample (3.4% among girls and no case among boys). These results are comparable to those reported recently in occidental countries and in an Egyptian study. However, the prevalence of bulimic syndrome in our sample was lower to those reported in countries with similar culture. The elevated prevalence of 10% reported in a tunisian study could be explained by the composition of the sample (medical students, aged 22-28 years) and the cut-off point for the BITE was determined to be 20 without taking into account severity criteria. A South African survey, conducted on 1,435 college students representing South Africa's ethnically and culturally diverse population comparable to our sample regarding the age (17-25 years), found a prevalence of 5% with a cut-off of 25 in the BITE. The majority of epidemiological community-based studies estimated the prevalence of bulimia nervosa to be 1 to 3% according to the diagnostic instruments used (self-report questionnaires versus clinical interviews) and the diagnostic criterias operationalized (DSM III, III-R or IV). The rate of occurrence of this disorder in males usually one-tenth of that in females was more decreased among our sample. However, the prevalence among males was comparable to the data of literature. Except the sex, we did not find other risk factors identified in the previous papers. Although in the bulimic group, we noted a higher rate of substance abuse (26.6% versus 15.2%, p > 0.5), familial histories of disturbed eating behaviour (26.6% versus 16.2%, p > 0.3) and less regular practice of sportive activity (72.2% versus 92.3%, p > 0.1), these differences are not statistically significant. The review of the literature identified at least 5 domains associated to bulimic disorder: parental problems (lower parental contact or separation, disruptive events), vulnerability to obesity, parental psychiatric disorder (alcoholism, depression), sexual or physical abuse and a premorbid psychiatric disorder. With the enormous media coverage and the globalisation of the media, cultural differences are disappearing. In order to estimate the prevalence of bulimia nervosa in the Moroccan population and to identify the risk factors, further epidemiological community-based studies using structured psychiatric interviews are required.
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PMID:[Prevalence of bulimia among secondary school students in Casablanca]. 1168 55

Binge eating disorder (BED) is a new proposed eating disorder in the DSM-IV. BED is not a formal diagnosis within the DSM-IV, but in day-to-day clinical practice the diagnosis seems to be generally accepted. People with the BED-syndrome have binge eating episodes as do subjects with bulimia nervosa, but unlike the latter they do not engage in compensatory behaviours. Although the diagnosis BED was created with the obese in mind, obesity is not a criterion. This paper gives an overview of its epidemiology, characteristics, aetiology, criteria, course and treatment. BED seems to be highly prevalent among subjects seeking weight loss treatment (1.3-30.1%). Studies with compared BED, BN and obesity indicated that individuals with BED exhibit levels of psychopathology that fall somewhere between the high levels reported by individuals with BN and the low levels reported by obese individuals. Characteristics of BED seemed to bear a closer resemblance to those of BN than of those of obesity.A review of RCT's showed that presently cognitive behavioural treatment is the treatment of choice but interpersonal psychotherapy, self-help and SSRI's seem effective. The first aim of treatment should be the cessation of binge eating. Treatment of weight loss may be offered to those who are able to abstain from binge eating.
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PMID:Binge eating disorder: a review. 1189 84

The relationship between the body weight and the function of hypothalamopituitary-ovarian axis was longtime studied. Frisch and Ravell (1971) have proposed the hypothesis that the onset of menarche is strong related to the achievement of a critical body weight. These authors observed that, despite the decrease in the last 120 years of the menarche age from 16.5 to 12.5 year-old, the body weight at which the menarche appears remains unchanged, 47.5 +/- 0.5 Kg. Many studies show the importance of both, body weight and fat mass percentage, in the appearance of menarche at puberty, or in the restoration of menses after the weight loss amenorrhea. Primary or secondary underweight amenorrhea can be associated to an eating disorder (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or the alternation of these to clinical conditions), to severe exercise (athletes, gymnasts, dancers) or to malnutrition. The connected signal between metabolic status and reproductive function may be represented by the substances like: insulin, amino acids, IGFPB-I, leptin. The low levels of leptin were found in underweight female with oligo or amenorrhea. By the other hand, obesity is not a primary factor causing chronic anovulation. However, obesity may aggravate an already existing subtle defect in some women and result in amenorrhea.
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PMID:[The influence of body weight upon the function of ovarian axis]. 1209 75


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