Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A discussion of which risk factors have been established as significant in prescribing O.C.s (oral contraceptives) is presented. The estrogen component of O.C.s influences the vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X and causes disturbances in hemodynamics, leading to such illnesses as thromboembolism and myocardial infarction. 5% of O.C. users develop hypertension in the first 5 years of use. Previous cardiovascular illness, hypertension, vascular disorders, and other conditions are considered contraindications to O.C. use. Women who smoke, get migrane headaches, or who are over 35 years of age more often develop cardiovascular illness during O.C. use. Obesity, diabetes and hyperlipidemia are among the various risk factors that are related to developing cardiovascular illness or hypertension during O.C. use. O.C. users also can develop gall bladder illnesses; cholcystitis and cholelithiasis are contraindications to O.C. use. Post-pill amenorrhea occurs in .8-1% of O.C. users. O.C. users should undergo gynecological and medical checkups every six months; special consideration should be given if any of the risk factors are present.
 ...
PMID:[Contraception in female risk patients]. 740 70

Ethinyl estradiol is the only estrogen form used in low-dose oral contraceptive (OC) pills. Progestogenic compounds used in OCs include norethindrone, norethindrone acetate, ethynodiol diacetate, norgestrel, levonorgestrel, and norethynodrel. The newest third generation progestins are desogestrel and norgestimate. The most important benefits associated with OC use are a decrease in benign breast disease, less incidence of ovarian and endometrial cancers, and a decrease in the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease. The most serious risks to OC users who are over age 35 and smoke are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, retinal thrombosis, or cardiovascular disease. Other risk factors for cardiovascular disease include obesity, diabetes, hypertension, increased serum cholesterol, and a family history of premature myocardial infarction. All users should have blood pressure checks 3 and 6 months after commencing pill use. OC preparations cause an increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and a decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL), but norgestimate may actually increase HDL levels. Preparations with levonorgestrel may produce the greatest decrease in glucose tolerance, while those with 35 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and 0.5 mg of norethindrone have the least effect. OCs do not increase the risk of developing breast cancer, but can stimulate the growth of breast cancer once it has occurred. The incidence of gallbladder disease is increased slightly in OC using women who are predisposed. Hepatocellular adenomas are associated with combined OC use. Underweight women are more prone to side effects and need a very low potency preparation. A common problem encountered by patients on OCs is amenorrhea. This usually resolves after 3 cycles. Breakthrough bleeding is also very common. Post-pill amenorrhea is frequently found after stopping OCs. Combined oral contraceptives are a safe and effective contraceptive method for most women throughout their reproductive years.
 ...
PMID:Combined oral contraceptive pills: a brief review. 783 35