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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Small but significant variations in clinical biochemical indices may be of great biological significance. Earlier studies conducted on small, chronically ill, hospitalized, anemic, and/or malnourished population samples suggested associations between body size and composition and indices of iron metabolism, serum protein, and plasma cholesterol. We studied a large, nonhospitalized probability sample of women and men in the First US Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) to characterize these associations. Greater weight, stature, body mass index (BMI), skinfold thickness, and lean body mass (LBM) are associated with higher hemoglobin, hematocrit, and total iron-binding capacity. LBM and body fat are weakly related to serum albumin concentrations in men and to serum total protein concentrations in women. Total cholesterol concentrations are directly associated with weight, body fat, and LBM and are more strongly associated with central than peripheral obesity. Constitutional factors may be important for clinical assessment and for interpretation of epidemiologic studies.
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PMID:Relation of body size and composition to clinical biochemical and hematologic indices in US men and women. 259 19

The nutritional status was assessed in a group of 220 patients with rheumatoid arthritis from three communities (coloured 89 patients, white 88 and black 43). The triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness, upper arm muscle circumference (UAMC), body mass index (BMI) and percentage of ideal body weight (% IBW) were measured and the serum albumin value determined. The mean age of the coloured patients was 49.8 years, white 57.7 years and black 44.8 years. Forty-five patients (20.5%) had a reduction of one or more anthropometric measurements (TSF, UAMC and/or %IBW) and a further 6 patients (2.7%) had a reduction of the serum albumin value alone. These 51 patients were considered to be malnourished and had a higher mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate and more severe functional disability than the remainder of the patients. The prevalence of malnutrition was lower if diagnosed only on abnormality of the TSF, UAMC and %IBW, since 25 patients (11.4%) had a reduction of only one measurement, 12 (5.5%) had a reduction of 2 and 8 (3.6%) had a reduction of all three measurements. Obesity (BMI greater than 30) was noted in 10.5% and there were no differences in the functional disability, disease activity and use of steroid therapy in the obese patients compared with the rest of the patients.
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PMID:Nutritional assessment in rheumatoid arthritis. 278 22

In Zucker obese rats (fa/fa) there are disturbances in the regulation of ACTH and corticosterone. In addition, beta-endorphin concentrations are higher in the pituitary and hypothalamus in obese than in lean rats. Since ACTH and beta-endorphin are thought to be controlled by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), these effects may be due to abnormalities in CRF regulation. This possibility was investigated by immunizing rats against CRF. Obese rats immunized against CRF developed higher titer antibodies than lean rats. Hypothalamic CRF concentrations were higher in CRF-immunized obese but not lean rats compared with those of control rats, suggesting that compensation for sequestration of peripheral CRF developed in obese rats. In obese, but not lean rats, immunization against CRF decreased weight gains during weeks 1-4 and increased gains during weeks 9-12 and food intakes were decreased during weeks 5-8 compared with those for obese rats immunized against bovine serum albumin (BSA). Adrenal glands weighed 30% less in both obese and lean rats immunized against CRF compared with those immunized against BSA. These responses to immunization against CRF occurred even though plasma, hypothalamic and pituitary concentrations of ACTH and beta-endorphin were unaffected at the end of the study.
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PMID:Weight gain and food intake in corticotropin releasing factor immunized Zucker rats. 282 27

To evaluate whether changed plasma calcium binding might lead to a secondary increase of parathyroid hormone in morbid obesity, fasting measurements of serum ionized, ultrafiltrable and total calcium, calcium binding substances, and parathyroid hormone were undertaken in age- and sex-matched groups of obese (n = 44) and normal weight subjects (n = 52). The 24-hour urinary calcium excretion and clearance of creatine were also measured. Calcium binding to proteins was changed. Serum total proteins and protein-bound calcium did not differ, but serum albumin was decreased in obesity. Consequently, obese subjects did not reveal the normal dependency of protein-bound calcium upon albumin. Calcium binding to other substances was also changed. Serum phosphate and bicarbonate were decreased, while the concentrations of citrate, lactate, acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, free fatty acids, and urate were all increased, leaving the total concentration of plasma complex-bound calcium unchanged. Nevertheless, these reciprocal changes increase the concentrations of less readily reabsorbable anions in the renal ultrafiltrate. The changed pattern of calcium binding in serum of the obese subjects may serve to explain our findings of increased urinary calcium excretion, lowering of serum ionized calcium and increased parathyroid hormone levels, changes being significantly correlated with degree of overweight.
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PMID:Increased parathyroid hormone as a consequence of changed complex binding of plasma calcium in morbid obesity. 308 Jun 52

In order to test the relation between obesity and the secondary hyperparathyroidism found in markedly overweight subjects, 24 morbidly obese patients were studied before and after a weight loss of 35.9 kg obtained by a nutritionally adequate, intermittent very-low-calorie diet. Overweight was reduced from 98 +/- 34% to 44 +/- 19%. Serum total calcium did not change, but serum ionized calcium (Ca2+) increased from 1.22 +/- 0.04 mmol/L to 1.25 +/- 0.04 mmol/L (P less than .001). A corresponding fall was observed in serum parathyroid hormone (s-PTH), which decreased from 47.2 +/- 21.7 pmol/L to 35.2 +/- 19.4 pmol/L (P = .01). The change of s-PTH was positively associated with the reduction of body weight (r = .50, P less than .05) and with the reduction of overweight (r = .55, P less than .01). Regarding calcium binding substances, serum albumin remained low. The initially lowered serum phosphate and bicarbonate both rose (P less than .001). Plasma lactate and plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) decreased (P less than .001). The study supports our hypothesis that the change profile of calcium complexing anions in obesity interferes with the tubular reabsorption of calcium, which in turn lowers serum Ca2+, thus promoting hyperparathyroidism. Along with weight loss, concentrations of calcium complexing anions returns towards normal values and the secondary hyperparathyroidism regresses.
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PMID:Secondary hyperparathyroidism of morbid obesity regresses during weight reduction. 336 88

The effects of long-term moderate food restriction were assessed in lean and obese male Zucker rats. A 30% reduction in food intake from 5 to 68 wk of age resulted in parallel lowering of body weight in both lean and obese rats compared to their respective ad libitum-fed control groups. In lean rats, epididymal and retroperitoneal fat pad weights and cell size were lowered by food restriction. In obese rats there was an effect of food restriction on growth of the epididymal pad but not the retroperitoneal pad. Hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia and elevated serum albumin levels, as well as higher activity of lipogenic enzymes, were also not affected by food restriction in the obese rat. In a second experiment, long-term food restriction resulted in greater glucose conversion to CO2 in response to insulin in adipocytes from lean rats but not obese rats compared to their respective control groups. These results indicate that food restriction throughout the first year of life in the obese Zucker rat does not alter the development of hyperplastic obesity and insulin resistance.
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PMID:Effects of long-term moderate food restriction on growth, serum factors, lipogenic enzymes and adipocyte glucose metabolism in lean and obese Zucker rats. 355 7

Very-low-calorie diets (less than 500 kcal/day; VLCD) are widely used for the treatment of severe obesity. We report the effects of such diets, consisting of proteins only or proteins and carbohydrates (CH), on nitrogen balance and protein nutritional status of morbidly obese patients. Cumulative nitrogen loss, serum albumin, transferrin, prealbumin (PA) and retinol-binding protein (RBP) concentrations, and plasma amino acid profile were determined in two groups of obese patients: 5 subjects (3 women, 2 men: BMI 55.3 +/- 2.2 kg/m2) subjected for 4 weeks to a protein VLCD (40 g protein + 2 g fat) and 7 others (4 women, 3 men: BMI 45.6 +/- 2.8 kg/m2) received for the same length of time a protein + CH VLCD (34 g protein + 26 g CH). Nitrogen balance was determined weekly whilst plasma and serum variables were measured on days 0, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 28 of treatment. Nitrogen balance did not significantly differ between the two groups of patients throughout the treatment. Serum PA and RBP concentrations decreased from day 5 and day 10, respectively, in both groups. Plasma amino acids showed a similar pattern in the protein and protein + CH groups. Alanine gradually decreased below baseline values; after a peak value on day 5, branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine) returned to baseline values in both groups. In conclusion, in severely obese patients subjected to VLCD, nitrogen balance, labile protein concentrations and plasma amino acid profile are not significantly affected by adding CH to proteins.
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PMID:Protein balance during very-low-calorie diets for the treatment of severe obesity. 359 20

A physiological in vivo increase of plasma free fatty acid concentration after an overnight fast was found to be accompanied by a rise of the non-protein bound estradiol fraction. A similar increase was observed after lipase activation by the i.v. injection of 500 IU heparin in 5 healthy non-fasting subjects. In vitro studies showed a direct relationship between non-protein bound estradiol and the concentration of linoleate, linolenate, and arachidonate both in undiluted serum and in Ringer's solution containing human serum albumin (45 g/liter). Moreover, the estradiol sex hormone binding globulin complex bound to a solid concanavalin A-Sepharose matrix was markedly dissociated by oleate and even more by linoleate, linolenate, or arachidonate. These results suggest that physiological diurnal elevations in plasma free fatty acids which are amplified by high fat consumption, obesity, and stress may imply major proportional increases of available estradiol, exerting a promotional effect on breast and endometrial cancer over the years.
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PMID:Free fatty acid concentrations correlated with the available fraction of estradiol in human plasma. 369

Lines of swine previously selected for either high backfat (obese) or low backfat (lean) were investigated to determine the effect of maternal obesity and the relationship between serum parameters and body composition. Fetal weight, percentage body protein, fat, fat-free organic matter and ash, and serum concentrations of albumin, growth hormone, triiodothyronine, and cortisol were compared in fetuses from straight line and reciprocal crosses at 110 days of gestation. Fetuses from the obese line weighed less but had a greater percentage body protein, fat, and fat-free organic matter than did fetuses from the lean line. Serum concentrations of albumin and triiodothyronine were less whereas those of growth hormone were greater in fetuses from the lean line compared to fetuses from the obese line. Values for these parameters in fetuses from the reciprocal crosses were generally intermediate to those of fetuses from the lean and obese lines. Comparisons of fetuses from the reciprocal and line crosses by linear contrast showed that the observed differences were mainly due to the average genetic effect of individual fetal genotypes and not due to maternal effects. Correlations computed from the residual variance showed a positive relationship between percentage body protein, serum albumin, and triiodothyronine while percentage body fat was not correlated with any of the other traits. Serum growth hormone was negatively correlated with fetal weight. We conclude that there is no apparent maternal effect of obesity or relationship of fetal fat content with any of the other variables measured in these lines of swine at the stage of fetal development at which these determinations were made.
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PMID:Blood parameters and body composition in fetuses from reciprocal crosses of genetically lean and obese swine. 403 28

A study of 209 consecutive cases of hypertension, seen at the cardiac unit of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, showed that heart failure occurred more commonly in patients who were in the low socio-economic class. All those who had a haematocrit below 30% had heart failure. The lower the serum albumin, the greater the likelihood of developing heart failure. Hypertensives who were heavy alcohol drinkers were very prone to heart failure while a significant proportion of those who had cardiomegaly or cardiomegaly with aortic unfolding on chest x-ray had heart failure. Age, sex, Hb genotype, obesity and retinal changes had no influence on the development of heart failure. It is concluded that there are other factors, besides hypertension, which precipitate heart failure in Nigerian hypertensives. This may be responsible for the high incidence of heart failure among Nigerian with hypertension.
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PMID:Heart failure in Nigerian hypertensives. 631 94


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