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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Obesity is regarded in its triple connotation of symptom, risk factor and homeostatic organization, stressing the inadequacy of traditional formulations about psychological causation. Psychological factors most frequently associated to obesity are excessive intake, complications of dieting and alterations of body image. The predictive role of psychophysiological dimensions of Restraint, Disinhibition and Hunger is discussed on the basis of empirical information. ICD-10 formulations are considered a positive advance in the taxonomy of syndromes with alterations of body weight.
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PMID:[Obesity and feeding behavior: diagnostic and psychometric aspects]. 130 61

Ninety-five female university students completed Stunkard and Messick's (Journal of Research Psychosomatic Research, 29, 71-83, 1985) Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, measuring three dimensions of human eating behavior: cognitive restraint, disinhibition, and hunger susceptibility. They were led through the visualization of a neutral or pleasant scene and a food scene, but were instructed that they would not be able to eat the food. Only hunger susceptibility was found to be significantly correlated with ratings of subjective anxiety (SUDS) and urge to eat in the not eating situation after any variability associated with the neutral scene was removed. That is, internal (hunger) and external (incentive) cues when linked to not eating are sources of anxiety. Treatment programmes for obesity might well include desensitization of these cues.
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PMID:Dietary restraint anxiety and its relationship to human eating behavior. 146 Jan 3

Obesity resulting from lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) has often been attributed to ablation-induced disinhibition of insulin release. However, lesion studies have generally employed electrolyzing anodal current with stainless steel electrodes, which results not only in tissue ablation but deposits of metallic ions that can chronically irritate surrounding tissue. The present study compared the effects of irritative and nonirritative VMH lesions on plasma insulin levels and obesity in female rats. Blood samples were obtained after a 4-h fast and 17 min after the initiation of a meal (6 ml of sweetened milk in 7 min) during a period when VMH rats were food restricted to the level of sham-operated animals and again when all animals were fed ad libitum. Irritative lesions (anodal electrolytic with stainless steel electrodes) caused heavy metallic ion deposition at the lesion site, marked obesity, and hyperinsulinemia both during food restriction and ad libitum feeding. Nonirritative lesions (cathodal electrolytic with platinum electrodes) resulted in no metallic ion deposition in seven of nine animals. These seven rats, which displayed 65% of the weight gain of animals with irritative lesions (significantly greater than sham rats), had significantly elevated insulin levels only under the postabsorptive condition during ad libitum feeding. In addition, only the animals with irritative lesions displayed emotional hyperreactivity to capture and handling. It is concluded that obesity produced by anodal electrolytic lesions with stainless steel electrodes is a result of both a destructive component resulting in hyperphagia with secondary hyperinsulinemia and an irritative component (accounting for up to 40% of the weight gain in female rats) resulting in basal hyperinsulinemia independent of hyperphagia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Nonirritative lesions of VMH: effects on plasma insulin, obesity, and hyperreactivity. 389 May 56

This report describes the construction of a questionnaire to measure three dimensions of human eating behavior. The first step was a collation of items from two existing questionnaires that measure the related concepts of 'restrained eating' and 'latent obesity', to which were added items newly written to elucidate these concepts. This version was administered to several populations selected to include persons who exhibited the spectrum from extreme dietary restraint to extreme lack of restraint. The resulting responses were factor analyzed and the resulting factor structure was used to revise the questionnaire. This process was then repeated: administration of the revised questionnaire to groups representing extremes of dietary restraint, factor analysis of the results and questionnaire revision. Three stable factors emerged: (1) 'cognitive restraint of eating', (2) 'disinhibition' and (3) 'hunger'. The new 51-item questionnaire measuring these factors is presented.
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PMID:The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. 398 80

Local injection of sulpiride to block dopamine (primarily D2-type) receptors in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus (pf-LH) can induce locomotion, feeding, and drinking, and in the present study, local sulpiride induced reward and dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens. Sulpiride injected bilaterally (4, 8, and 16 micrograms/0.3 microliters), ipsilaterally, or contralaterally (8 micrograms) in the pf-LH increased extracellular levels of DA and its metabolites in the accumbens. Bilateral sulpiride injected posterior and medial to the pf-LH controlled for diffusion to the ventricle or ventral midbrain. Rats self-injected sulpiride (210 ng/21 nl/2 s) in the pf-LH (111 resp/2 h on drug lever vs. 20 resp on a blank lever). Thus, cells in the pf-LH establish connections with mesolimbic DA neurons involved in the behavior reinforcement process. Evidently hypothalamic cells with DA receptors normally inhibit aspects of behavior reinforcement. Disinhibition with hypothalamic sulpiride is reward for self-injection and cause of overeating that can lead to obesity.
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PMID:Rats self-inject a dopamine antagonist in the lateral hypothalamus where it acts to increase extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. 750 63

The hypotheses that dieting and/or overeating are associated with adiposity, eating disturbances, and lowered energy expenditure were tested in this study. A sample of 44 premenopausal women scoring high and low on measures of dietary restraint and disinhibition of dietary control, as measured by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, was studied. A 2 x 2 factorial design was employed (High/Low restraint x High/Low Disinhibition). Dependent variables were: body composition, dietary intake, activity, resting metabolic rate, and thermic effect of food. Unrestrained overeaters (Low Restraint/High Disinhibition group) were very obese. High Dietary Restraint was associated with intent to diet and controlled eating. High scores on the Disinhibition Scale were associated with episodic overeating. Groups did not differ in resting metabolic rate (controlled for fat-free mass). Lower thermic effect of food was found to be associated with the obesity found in High Disinhibition subjects. Thus, Dietary Restraint was not associated with significant adverse effects upon physical or psychological health. High Disinhibition, however, was associated with adiposity and significant disturbances of eating.
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PMID:The association of body weight, dietary intake, and energy expenditure with dietary restraint and disinhibition. 771 61

Eating Inventory scores may predict compliance, attrition, and outcome to obesity treatment. Research documenting change on the Eating Inventory subsequent to treatment is limited. In Study 1, 29 obese patients demonstrated significant improvement on all three factors of the Eating Inventory (Cognitive Restraint, Disinhibition, and Hunger) following a 26-week multidisciplinary weight management program. In Study 2, a second sample of 18 obese patients also demonstrated significant improvement on all three factors on the Eating Inventory following treatment. These results provide initial guidelines for the amount of change that patients may demonstrate on the Eating Inventory following treatment.
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PMID:Changes in eating inventory scores following obesity treatment. 803 55

The relationships between the cognitive restraint and the tendency to disinhibition prior to gastric banding for obesity, as assessed by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, and the weight loss at one year following the operation were investigated. The amount of overall weight loss was correlated positively to the disinhibition and negatively to the cognitive restraint score. When the food consumption overtakes the proximal gastric pouch capacity, the patient feels a strong aversive stimulus, thus stopping eating. Therefore, more is the patient's tendency to lose the control on food intake more is the postoperative weight loss. On the contrary, the high restraint patient only seldom feels such an aversive stimulus, and only seldom stops eating, thus the weight loss is smaller. Except for the overeating due to the disinhibition, the aversive stimulus arising from the gastric restriction cannot influence by itself any other aspect of eating behavior.
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PMID:[Preoperative eating behavior and weight loss after gastric banding for obesity]. 865 41

The aims of this study were to: describe dietary intakes of obese and nonobese middle-aged women using a validated food frequency questionnaire; to assess dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger by the three factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ) in obese and nonobese samples and determine which of the factors are independently associated with obesity; and to examine correlations between selected nutritional variables and the TFEQ factors. Subjects studied included 179 obese Swedish women (BMI > 32) and 147 nonobese population-based controls (BMI < 28). Age-adjusted mean energy intake was significantly higher in obese women (2730 +/- 78 vs. 2025 +/- 85 kcal, p < 0.0001). In absolute and relative terms, fat intake was higher and alcohol intake was lower in the obese subjects. Disinhibition was the strongest TFEQ factor independently differentiating the obese and nonobese states, i.e., after adjustment for restraint and hunger. Within the obese sample, strong associations were seen between energy intake and disinhibition (p = 0.0005) and hunger (p = 0.0004). The association between energy intake and restrained eating was negative and weaker (p = 0.04). No such associations were seen in nonobese women. Thus, using a dietary instrument that is valid and unbiased with respect to obesity, strong psychological correlates, possibly causal, of variability in energy intake were detected in middle-aged women with obesity. Disinhibition is associated with both obesity and high-energy intakes and is therefore an important factor to consider in the treatment of women with obesity.
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PMID:Dietary intake in relation to restrained eating, disinhibition, and hunger in obese and nonobese Swedish women. 919 90

Set point theory suggests that successful maintenance of weight loss ("weight suppression") may be associated with psychological distress. This study examined the association between psychological symptoms and body weight suppression by using a registry of 629 women and 155 men who lost at least 13.6 kg (mean loss = 30 +/- 15 kg) and maintained the loss for at least 1 year (mean duration = 5.5 +/- 6.8 years). Participants completed measures of mood, distress, restraint, disinhibition, bingeing, and purging. Maintainers' levels of distress and depression were lower than those of psychiatric samples and resembled those of community-based samples. Binge-eating and purging rates were comparable to rates of community samples. Maintainers' levels of restraint and disinhibition were markedly different from those of eating-disordered samples, resembling levels found in patients recently treated for obesity. There was no evidence that long-term suppression of body weight is associated with psychological distress.
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PMID:Psychological symptoms in individuals successful at long-term maintenance of weight loss. 969 43


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