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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The incidence and progression of urologic diseases, as well as several urologic cancers.depend on many interrelated factors, such as obesity, diet, genetics, environment, age, and the immune system. Obesity is a risk factor for stress urinary incontinence, ED, infertility, and renal calculi. Numerous publications have demonstrated that a high dietary intake of fat increases prostate cancer risk, although the mechanisms are not clear. Although some reports may demonstrate an association between obesity and prostate cancer, it may be hard to establish because, in general, men with obesity have a high-fat diet. Obesity, recurrent urinary tract infections, increased intake of protein and fried foods, and female sex seem to increase the risk of renal cancer. Environmental toxins seem to be the major factors affecting the incidence of bladder cancers. Thus, dietary modification and other public health measures directed at reducing weight may reduce the incidence of urologic illnesses. More studies are necessary to determine the therapeutic effects of weight loss and dietary modification on the incidence and progression of urologic tumors.
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PMID:The impact of obesity in urology. 1512 7

Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in men. In addition to improved treatments, strategies to reduce disease risk are urgently required. This review summarises the literature that examines the association between exercise and prostate cancer risk. Between 1989 and 2001, 13 cohort studies were conducted in the US and internationally. Of these, nine showed an association between exercise and decreased prostate cancer risk. Five of 11 case-control studies conducted between 1988 and 2002 reported an association between decreased risk of prostate cancer and high activity levels. Considering all studies performed between 1976 and 2002, 16 out of 27 studies reported reduced risk in men who were most active; in nine out of 16 studies the reduction in risk was statistically significant. Average risk reduction ranged from 10-30%. In aggregate, this evidence suggests a probable link between increased physical exercise and decreased prostate cancer risk. The ability of exercise to modulate hormone levels, prevent obesity, enhance immune function and reduce oxidative stress have all been postulated as mechanisms that may underlie the protective effect of exercise. Exercise may also be of benefit in men undergoing treatment for prostate cancer. Overall, study design and control of potential confounding factors varied greatly among studies, possibly contributing to the variation in results. Epidemiological studies that are better controlled, larger in scale and more carefully designed may help to more fully clarify the relationship between exercise and prostate cancer. In addition, intervention trials that test whether exercise programmes can reduce prostate cancer risk are currently underway to rigorously test the ability of exercise to reduce prostate cancer incidence.
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PMID:Exercise and prostate cancer. 1515 21

Dietary and serum fatty acid composition has been implicated in the pathogenesis of prostate and other cancers, but findings have been conflicting. Cohort studies reporting serum fatty acid composition are lacking. We assessed the association of fatty acid composition determined from dietary records and serum with incident cancer of the prostate and any site in a population-based cohort of 2,002 middle-aged Finnish men who were free of cancer at baseline and during the first 4 years of follow-up. During 12.6 years of follow-up, 46 men developed prostate cancer and 151 any cancer. Men with proportions of serum nonesterified [risk ratio (RR) 0.28; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.12-0.66] and esterified linoleic acid (RR 0.37; 95% CI = 0.16-0.86) and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (RR 0.30; 95% CI = 0.12-0.71) in the upper third were less than 1/3 as likely to develop prostate cancer during follow-up. Adjustment for possible confounders like socioeconomic status, physical activity, obesity and insulin concentrations did not attenuate the association. Similar but weaker associations with any cancer were found. Dietary linoleic acid intake also tended to be inversely associated with incident prostate cancer (age-adjusted RR for the upper vs. lower third 0.55; 95% CI = 0.26-1.14, p for the trend 0.097). Substitution of linoleic acid for saturated fat in middle-aged men consuming a high saturated-fat diet may decrease the risk of prostate and other cancers, although it is possible that some of the effect may be mediated by nutrients closely associated with vegetable fats.
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PMID:Serum linoleic and total polyunsaturated fatty acids in relation to prostate and other cancers: a population-based cohort study. 1522 75

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men, therefore has become recently an essential problem of public health. The factors influencing cancer include: androgens metabolism disorders, diabetes mellitus, overweight and obesity, smoking, alcohol and black coffee intake, diet rich in saturated fats and poor in unsaturated, lack of physical activity, geographical zone, race, such carcinogenic substances as: cadmium, materials used in rubber, painting, printing, ship industry etc., contagious factors and also older age and a positive family history of the disease. To diagnose prostate cancer in its early stage such screening procedures as physical examination--digital rectal exam (DRE) and determination of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level in blood serum are used. The aim of the study was to assess prostate cancer risk factors occurrence in the examined 193 men, aged 50-70 years, who reported to urology outpatient department at Clinical Hospital in Lublin, measure the PSA level in blood serum and examine the correlation between them. Respondents filled in a questionnaire about the presence of prostate cancer risk factors and urogenital symptoms. The questionnaire was completed with DRE and PSA measurement. The results led us to the following conclusions: 1/ in the studied population elevated PSA level is determined in 3.1% of 193 examined men, 2/ increased PSA occurs mainly in men from rural areas, with elementary education, divorced, older (>60 years), using fat-rich diet, smokers, black coffee drinkers, with overweight or obesity and non diabetic, 3/ a combination of PSA test with DRE seems to be useful and rather cheap for the detection of prostate cancer in the early stage of its development.
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PMID:Increasing level of prostate-specific antigen and prostate cancer risk factors among 193 men examined in screening procedure. 1532 67

Leptin's relation with obesity has been clearly demonstrated while its role in oncobiology is still largely unknown. Epidemiological studies on serum leptin provide valuable though controversial data, while in vitro studies consistently show leptin's angiogenic and proliferative potential in cancer. Leptin's activity is mediated by tissue-specific receptors, differentially expressed in organs such as the prostate. The molecular cascades triggered by leptin result in prostatic cell proliferation and angiogenic activity, thus linking the hormone mainly to prostate cancer prognosis. This review also addresses leptin's metabolic interactions with cytokines, growth factors or hormones, establishing perceptive pathways leading to carcinogenesis or prostate cancer progression and metastasis. Better understanding of these mechanisms may help in the development of new and more effective treatments for prostate cancer. The consolidation of leptin molecular genetics profile in prostate cancer patients may help to create susceptibility groups in normal individuals, facilitating a preventive dietary intervention or strategies for chemoprevention. We hypothesize that the balance between androgen and leptin levels may facilitate the increase in the ratio of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells to androgen-dependent cells in the tumour.
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PMID:Leptin and prostate: implications for cancer prevention--overview of genetics and molecular interactions. 1545 47

Obesity has been linked to the incidence and mortality of several malignancies, including prostate and renal cancer. Increased body mass appears to have a more consistent association with prostate cancer mortality than incidence and recent studies suggest that it may be related to higher recurrence rates after radical prostatectomy. Obesity has an even stronger association with the development and progression of renal cancer, particularly in women. Since obesity is one of few modifiable risk factors that may impact the clinical course of these cancers, lifestyle and dietary changes to limit obesity should be recommended.
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PMID:The association between obesity and the progression of prostate and renal cell carcinoma. 1561 Aug 65

Dietary factors are important predictors for the risk of diabetes type 2. Increased consumption of fibre-rich foods, fruits and vegetables as well as limited amounts of total and saturated fats are essential elements in the prevention of diabetes type 2. The association between these dietary factors and the appearance of diabetes was not only present in cohort studies but were also major elements in the dietary part of the two large diabetes prevention trials (Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, Diabetes Prevention Program). There is also strong evidence for a relation between obesity and total fat intake and the incidence of certain types of cancers. There is a significant correlation between total fat intake and the risk of cancer; however, it is much weaker than that of the effect of red meat. Recommendations to decrease red meat intake, particularly processed meat, may decrease the risk of colorectal and prostate cancer and may have beneficial effects on breast cancer as well, although this evidence is less compelling. Overall, recommendations focused on controlling or reducing body weight by regular physical activity and avoidance of excessive energy intake from all sources, particularly from fat and saturated fats, by increasing consumption of fibre-rich carbohydrates, vegetables and fruits are effective in decreasing the risk for type 2 diabetes by more than 50% in high-risk individuals. Similar dietary patterns are likely to diminish the manifestation of certain forms of cancers. These conclusions are in agreement with current recommendations for cancer prevention as propagated by the American Cancer Society.
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PMID:Nutritional fats and the risk of type 2 diabetes and cancer. 1562 Oct 66

Breast cancer in men is a rare disease, accounting for approximately 1% of all breast cancer cases. Although the epidemiologic literature regarding female breast cancer is extensive, relatively little is known about the etiology of male breast cancer (MBC). This review is intended to summarize the existing body of evidence on genetic and epidemiologic risk factors for breast cancer in men. Overall, the epidemiology of MBC presents similarities with the epidemiology of female breast cancer. Major genetic factors associated with an increased risk of breast cancer for men include BRCA2 mutations, which are believed to account for the majority of inherited breast cancer in men, Klinefelter syndrome, and a positive family history. Suspected genetic factors include AR gene mutations, CYP17 polymorphism, Cowden syndrome, and CHEK2. Epidemiologic risk factors for MBC include disorders relating to hormonal imbalances, such as obesity, testicular disorders (e.g., cryptorchidism, mumps orchitis, and orchiectomy), and radiation exposure. Suspected epidemiologic risk factors include prostate cancer,prostate cancer treatment, gynecomastia, occupational exposures (e.g., electromagnetic fields, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and high temperatures), dietary factors (e.g., meat intake and fruit and vegetable consumption), and alcohol intake.
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PMID:Epidemiology of male breast cancer. 1566 71

Although Asian people have the lowest incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer in the world, these rates have risen rapidly in the past two decades in most Asian countries. Prostate cancer has become one of the leading male cancers in some Asian countries. In 2000, the age-adjusted incidence was over 10 per 100000 men in Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines and Israel. Although some of the increases may result from enhanced detection, much of the increased incidence may be associated with westernization of the lifestyle, with increasing obesity and increased consumption of fat. The differences in incidences between native Americans and Asian immigrants are getting smaller, reflecting a possible improvement of diagnostic efforts and changes of environmental risk factors in Asian immigrants. Nevertheless, the huge variations in incidences among ethnic groups imply that there are important genetic risk factors. The stage distributions of prostate cancer in Asian populations are still unfavorable compared to those of Western developed countries. However, a trend towards diagnosing cancer with more favorable prognosis is seen in most Asian countries. Both genetic and environmental risk factors responsible for elevated risks in Asian people are being identified, which may help to reduce prostate cancer incidence in a chemopreventive setting.
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PMID:Changing trends of prostate cancer in Asia. 1567 37

Defining men at high risk for prostate cancer treatment failure and death continues to evolve. Identifying these men allows for better disease prognostication, patient decision treatment making and facilitates accrual for appropriate clinical trials. Men at traditional high risk for prostate cancer progression and death include men with advanced clinical stage, higher levels of PSA and Gleason pattern 4. Utilizing accepted methods of risk stratification including nomograms can aid in case identification. Softer risk factors such as obesity, race, socioeconomic status, and genetic polymorphisms are increasingly being studied. Ultimately high-throughput genomics will aid in identification of these men.
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PMID:Defining high-risk prostate cancer: current status. 1578 Jan 59


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