Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Renal osteodystrophy in hemodialyzed patients with DM-HD shows different features from that in non-DM,HD. Two studies were done. One was a comparison of BMD in 30 non-DM,HD patients and 30 DM-HD patients. The second was a comparison of possible factors affecting calcium metabolism in the higher and lower BMD groups (n = 20/21) in the DM-HD patients. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA; Hologic QDR 1,000/W) in the third lumbar vertebra (L3), head, pelvis, and whole body. The BMDs of the DM-HD group were lower in these areas and whole body than that in the non-DM,HD group. A significant difference was found in the head BMD (p less than 0.05). In the second study, factors which may contribute to the differences in BMD were compared in the DM-HD patients divided into higher and lower BMD of the head. The group with higher head BMD had a value 110% of the mean value or more. Clinical and biochemical test results (age, the time since the first dialysis, body weight, the degree of obesity, height, serum calcium, serum phosphate, serum aluminum, serum c-PTH level and the dose of 1 alpha-OH-D3) were compared. The degree of obesity of the patients with higher BMD was significantly larger than that with lower BMD (p less than 0.005).
 ...
PMID:Decreased bone mineral density in diabetic patients on hemodialysis. 195 51

Assessment of the skinfold thickness in obese patients by means of a caliper makes it possible to determine the percentage of total body fat and provides information on the distribution of subcutaneous body fat and thus to characterize the type of obesity. In more severe obesity it is not possible to differentiate reliably by means of classical calipers larger skinfolds, in particular the subscapular and abdominal skinfold which thus makes these anthropometric examinations useless. A newly developed modification of the Best caliper makes it possible to measure reliably the majority of skinfolds in obese subjects as the arm of the caliper can be shifted to a range as high as 90 mm. Best's caliper provides, in contrary to others, the possibility to set a constant pressure when measuring the skinfold. In the discussion the authors draw attention to some methodological problems and the clinical importance of examining obese subjects by means of a caliper.
 ...
PMID:[Best's calipers modified for examinations of obese patients]. 225 67

BMC and BMD of the total body bone and lumbar spine were measured in normal control and patients with metabolic bone diseases by DPA (Dichromatic Bone Densitometer Model 2600, Norland corporation). Also, total body fat mass was measured in patients with obesity. We discussed basic technical problems and showed some data to assess patients with metabolic diseases known to affect the skeleton such as primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. DPA is useful technique to assess patients with metabolic bone diseases and to monitor the efficacy of treatments.
 ...
PMID:[Dual photon absorptiometry]. 231 20

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of obesity on the postmenopausal bone mass. Bone mineral density, measured by dual photon absorptiometry of the lumbar spine, serum osteocalcin (OC), fasting urinary calcium to creatinine (Ca:Cr), serum estradiol (E2) dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and testosterone (T) were measured in 176 women aged 45-71 years. Women were divided into four groups according to their menopausal status and their weight: 49 perimenopausal, 28 obese perimenopausal, 49 obese postmenopausal. Within each population (perimenopausal and postmenopausal), mean age was the same, only weight was significantly different (p less than 0.0001). For the two groups of postmenopausal women mean interval since menopause (YSM) was the same (5.8 +/- 3 and 5.4 +/- 5 yr). Comparison between groups revealed a significant effect of menopausal status and obesity on BMD and bone turnover. As compared to perimenopausal women, BMD was lower, OC and Ca: Cr higher only in nonobese-postmenopausal women. E2, T, DHA did not differ between the two groups of postmenopausal women. The results of this study suggest that even moderate obesity can play a protective role on postmenopausal bone loss.
 ...
PMID:Obesity and postmenopausal bone loss: the influence of obesity on vertebral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women. 296 34

The association of OA with increased bone mass is controversial. This study measured BMD at the hip and spine and total body bone mineral (TBBM) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and BMD at the distal forearm by single photon absorptiometry in 20 post-menopausal women with primary generalized OA. The data were compared with those from 89 normal controls. Osteoarthritic women had significantly increased BMD at the spine (P < 0.001), distal forearm (P < 0.05) and increased TBBM (P < 0.01), but no difference was seen at the femoral neck. These differences were not explained by obesity. The influence of mobility is discussed.
 ...
PMID:Primary generalized osteoarthritis and bone mass. 825 14

In order to test the impact of a given risk profile on the incidence of osteoporosis which could justify BMD measurement, and that of a low risk profile which could render it unnecessary, BMD was measured in 217 women under 72 in whom menopause had occurred at least 6 years previously and who corresponded to one of the two following profiles: high risk (A, n = 102) = BMI < 27 kg/m2, with no estrogen replacement treatment, and with at least one of the following risk factors: BMI < 20, early menopause, positive family history, no dairy products associated with tobacco consumption (> 10 cigarettes/day for > 20 years and/or alcohol consumption of > 0.5 l wine/day during > 10 years, corticotherapy of > 6 months, rickets, anorexia nervosa. Low risk (B, n = 115) = absence of characteristics of group A, BMI > 27 kg/m2 with (B+, n = 24) or without estrogen therapy (B-, n = 91). BMD was measured by DXA in 4 centers using Lunar or Hologic equipment. Results were expressed in % of the mean of the respective young adult control groups. As expected, BMD was significantly different in these two subgroups of the population. Osteoporosis was diagnosed (BMD < 75% = < -2.5 SD, according to WHO) in 72% of group A, and in 17% (B+) and 19% (B-) respectively of group B. There was no difference between the various risk factors in group A concerning their impact on BMD, but concerning incidence, low BMI and early menopause were the most frequent. The high risk profile of group A seems to justify densitometry, since it leads to the diagnosis of osteoporosis in over 70%. However, the protective profile of group B does not exclude osteoporosis (risk still 20%); only in severe obesity (BMI > 33) does it drop to 1%.
 ...
PMID:[Importance of the clinical profile in the postmenopausal osteoporosis screening by densitometry]. 876 76

Diabetes, known since antiquity, has been defined by glycosuria. In 1886, when Minkowski demonstrated that pancreatectomized dogs developed diabetes, the islets of Langerhans became a focus of the search for an active principle culminating in the discovery and the isolation of insulin in 1921 by Banting, Best and Collip. In 1959, the radioimmunoassay of Yalow and Berson solidified the concept of insulin resistance in non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM). In 1971, the insulin receptor was defined as a cell surface protein that initiated the insulin signal transduction cascade. Today, we know that NIDDM accounts for at least 90% of all diabetes worldwide and involves approximately 100 million people. The microvascular complications of NIDDM are the same as for insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM) and are related to the intensity and duration of hyperglycaemia. Further, it is clear from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) that all microvascular complications can be reduced with intensive control of the blood glucose. Macrovascular disease is also accelerated in NIDDM, including both hypertension and dyslipidemia. The major risk factor for NIDDM are age, obesity, physical inactivity, and genetic background. The earliest features seen in individuals destined to develop NIDDM is insulin resistance, but for hyperglycaemia to ensure there must be a defect in insulin secretion. Thus, insulin resistance defines the prehyperglycaemic phase of NIDDM, but varying degrees of insulin secretory deficiency define the hyperglycaemic phase. Macrovascular risk occurs throughout the lifetime of the individual, whereas microvascular risk ensues with the inception of hyperglycaemia. Tomorrow, we will understand more clearly whether lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, or new classes of drugs, can delay or prevent NIDDM. Clinical trials are now beginning to test whether impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) can be delayed or prevented from moving to overt NIDDM. The genetics of NIDDM are under intense study. Mutations in the insulin receptor lead to NIDDM in a small number of patients, and mutations in the glucokinase gene lead to maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY). Work is now underway to study other candidate genes as well as work on positional cloning techniques to identify diabetes genetic loci. The hormone Leptin has just been discovered and is a major regulator of body weight. In summary, the most important new emphasis on the treatment of NIDDM is the recognition of the importance of hyperglycaemia and our ability to both treat and possibly prevent this metabolic perturbation. This joins the longer-term emphasis on cardiovascular risk reduction from both treatment and prevention of hypertension and dyslipidemia.
 ...
PMID:Non-insulin dependent diabetes--the past, present and future. 928 27

A study concerning long term results of dietetic treatment of obesity has been conducted on 1479 obese women, aged 16 to 76 years, who attended the ambulatory during the period 1992-1995. Best results in short term reduction of weight excess were found in obesity due to sedentariness or arisen after operations or emotional stress. Also, it has been noticed that percentage of subjects who went on to loose weight decreased after first year of treatment instead, percentage of subjects who grew fat increased. So, authors believe that long term therapy main object in obese people isn't loss of weight but to avoid further weight increases.
 ...
PMID:[Comparison of results of short- and long-term therapy of obesity]. 937 50

Childhood obesity is considered at present one of the most difficult problems in paediatrics and it is one of the major health problems of industrialized society. Growth and development of obese children is different in several aspects. The authors submit the results of an anthropometric survey implemented in 1989 to 1996 in a group of 1949 Czech obese children (720 boys and 1229 girls) aged 6 to 18 years. The patients were measured by the standard anthropometric technique according to Matrin and Saller at the beginning and end of six-week therapeutic weight reduction programme. The skinfold thickness at 14 sites was assessed by means of a Best caliper. The body composition was evaluated using Matiegka's equations. For evaluation of the weight reduction programme the paired t-test was used a criterium of the quality of the evaluated parameters. For the needs of the medical profession curves of the empirical percentiles of BMI for both sexes were plotted to evaluate the grade of obesity. From the analysis of anthropometric data using the paired t-test in 1949 probands ensues that the most valuable information as regards circumferential measurements in boys is provided by the circumference of the abdomen, the gluteal area followed by the chest circumference. In girls the results are partly different--a gluteal circumference of thigh highly dominates, gluteal circumference follows, chest circumference mesoeternal is the third. As to skinfolds the authors recommended to monitor in boys the supraileac, subscapular and abdominal skinfold. In girls the following order was assessed: supraileac, thoracic (at the level of the 10th rib) and subscapular skinfold. From the accurate assessment of the body composition of obese children subjected to weight reduction ensues our recommendation that the loss of adipose tissue should be at least seven times greater than the loss of musculature. A lower ratio should be an indication for changing the reducing treatment. Methods of direct anthropometry, incl. calipering can be unequivocally recommended as the method of first choice because of their non-invasive character.
 ...
PMID:[Anthropologic methods in the evaluation of the weight reduction process in obese children]. 1035 23

Obesity, particularly truncal obesity, is closely correlated to the prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Plasma leptin, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and non-esterified fatty acid levels are all elevated in obesity and play a role in causing insulin resistance. Diabetic glycaemic control and insulin resistance improve with reductions in obesity, but the treatment of obesity is difficult, and sustained weight reduction rarely occurs with dietary management alone. Hypocaloric diets should be combined with education and low-impact exercise, as well as behavioural techniques used to encourage long-term changes. Weight-reducing drugs have a role in the management of obesity but only as part of such a total package. Newer anti-obesity drugs such as orlistat and sibutramine are well tolerated and have been shown to improve glycaemic control in diabetes. It is probable that drugs developed in the future will act at different sites in the pathways regulating body weight, but they may have to be used in combination.
Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999 Jul
PMID:Obesity and diabetes. 1076 64


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>