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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Four experiments tested responsiveness to external and sensory stimuli in female human subjects who differed in degree of overweight and in age of onset of their obesity. The effects of weight loss upon external responsiveness were assessed by testing subjects before and after weight reduction in order to determine the role of energy deficit and deprivation in mediating heightened responsiveness to external cues. There was no significant positive correlation between degree of overweight and degree of external responsiveness. In general, the age of onset of the obesity was also not a relevant factor in the degree of externality. Weight loss did not change responses to visual and cognitive cue salience manipulations in measures of feeding, emotionality, time perception, and short-term recall, whereas responsiveness to variations in palatability increased following weight reduction. While external cue responsiveness does not appear to result from adiposity per se or from deprivation, responsiveness to taste stimuli may reflect these parameters. The role of external and sensory cues in the development and maintenance of obesity is discussed.
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PMID:Effects of degree of obesity, age of onset, and weight loss on responsiveness to sensory and external stimuli. 87 24

Past studies have evidenced a key role for hypercorticism in the obesity syndrome of the Zucker (fa/fa) rat. Here, the hypothesis that obesity-related hypercorticism is associated with increased anxiety/emotionality was tested in the elevated plus-maze, the black/white box, and the open field. In the elevated plus-maze, none of the parameters examined (open arm entries, time in open arms, total number of entries) differed between lean (Fa/?) and obese (fa/fa) rats. In addition, neither the behaviours measured in the black/white box (latency to enter the black compartment, number of transitions, time spent in the white compartment, locomotion, rearing) nor those measured in the open field (locomotion, rearing, grooming, defecation) were affected by obesity. This study suggests that obesity-related hypercorticism in fa/fa rats is not associated with indices of emotionality and anxiety, at least those analysed by means of the tests used here.
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PMID:Failure to find behavioural differences between lean and obese Zucker rats exposed to novel environments. 786 81

Excessive blood pressure elevations during daily activities increase cardiovascular risk and may be related to individual differences in emotionality and expressive style. Emotional traits and ambulatory blood pressure were measured during a typical school day in 228 Black and White adolescents at risk of developing essential hypertension. Trait affect (depression, anger) predicted prevailing blood pressure levels; this association was moderated by gender, social setting (in classroom vs. with friends), and nonverbal expressive style. Relationships between emotion and blood pressure were not explained by obesity, smoking, or alcohol use. The uniform environment and regimen of the school made it possible to attribute variations in prevailing blood pressure to personality differences involving ways adolescents perceive and negotiate their social world.
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PMID:Negative affect, gender, and expressive style predict elevated ambulatory blood pressure in adolescents. 816 68

Using a composite questionnaire, we measured the degree to which preoccupation with eating and body mass index (BMI) are related to a series of psychological measures in a sample of female college students. Eating preoccupation was measured using a set of questions designed to be free of affective content. Thirty volunteers filled out the questionnaire; their height and weight were measured under standard conditions. Correlations showed that BMI was positively related to the variables Depression and Emotional Response to Environmental Stimuli, while Eating Preoccupation was most closely related to Anxiety. Principal components analysis revealed two factors, one containing measures of positive emotionality, and one containing Eating Preoccupation and measures of negative emotionality, with BMI loaded on both components. These factors reflect the relationship of BMI to measures of both positive and negative emotionality. Positive emotionality may be a reflection of activation of a neurobehavioral system, the behavioral facilitation system, while negative emotionality may be a reflection of activation of the behavioral inhibition system. The overweight women in this study appeared to have high levels of activation of one or both systems, while the underweight women appeared to have low activation of both systems. Approaches to the study of obesity in women should take into account the fact that positive emotionality, as well as negative emotions such as depression and anxiety, may be related to BMI, and that eating preoccupation appears to be a subset of overall anxiety.
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PMID:A multivariate analysis of psychological factors related to body mass index and eating preoccupation in female college students. 840 8

This study sought to examine the potential influence of personality disorders (PD) on anthropometry, hormones and metabolism in women. In a population sample of women born in 1956 (no.=270), estimates of PD:s by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Axis II, were correlated with anthropometric, endocrine, and metabolic factors. The PD:s were grouped into three thematic clusters: cluster A (characterized by oddness or eccentricity), cluster B (characterized by self-centeredness, emotionality, and erratic behavior) and cluster C (characterized by anxiety and fear). Subjects with cluster A PD:s had significantly increased body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and abdominal sagittal diameter (cm) as well as lower salivary cortisol after dexamethasone (DEX) compared to controls. Subjects with cluster B also had a significantly higher abdominal sagittal diameter and significantly lower salivary cortisol levels after DEX than controls. In addition, subjects with cluster B PD:s had decreased levels of ACTH, and significantly higher concentrations of lactate and triglycerides, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was significantly lower compared to controls. A significantly higher waist/hip ratio was seen among subjects with cluster C PD:s. In addition, these subjects had higher levels of insulin, glucose, lactate, triglycerides, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol than controls. Moreover, IGF-I and HDL cholesterol were significantly decreased in the former group. These results suggest that PD:s are involved in the development of obesity and abdominal fat accumulation in women, with different endocrine and metabolic profiles depending on the type of PD.
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PMID:Relationships between personality disorders and anthropometry, hormones and metabolism in women. 1131 44

This study examined associations of temperament at ages 6 to 12 with body-mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) at ages 24 to 30 years. The participants were 619 men and women derived from the population-based Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Temperament was operationalized as (negative) emotionality, sociability, and activity. High emotionality predicted increased BMI, independently of WC, and independently of childhood and adulthood risk factors for adult obesity. None of the temperament dimensions had any associations with WC after controlling for BMI. The findings suggest that temperamental difficulty in childhood may be a useful risk indicator for general body mass in adulthood, and the mechanisms relating temperament with body mass should be further explored.
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PMID:Temperament in childhood predicts body mass in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. 1589 67

Tskaltubo mineral waters have curative value due to radon in it. As biochemical data evidence the quantitative changes of amino acids in blood and disorder in deaminization of amino acids lead to disorder in ammonia utilization. As it is known from literature, increase of ammonia is the determining factor of rising of excitability, a headache, and etc. causing the increase of emotionality and activation of nervous system. Agitation of sympathetic system due to stress increases secretion of prolactin directly or via dopamine suppression. Consequently amount of ammonia is increased and optimal range of sympathetic system is changed; the impact on adrenal glands leads to the pathology of hypothalamus-hypophysis system - hyperprolactinemia, hyperinsulinemia, excitement of centre of hunger, obesity. Analysis of experimental data proves the blocking effect of radon treatment on the development of life style illnesses; which are connected with the reaction of reoxidation and lowering of the immune system.
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PMID:[Biochemical results of radon treatment]. 1726 97

Eating in response to an increasingly obesogenic environment has been strongly implicated as a salient aspect of eating behaviour, arguably influenced by learning and experience. Interindividual differences in susceptibility to weight gain may be due, in part, to variability in response to environmental triggers. The phenomenon of food craving may also be an important factor influencing appetite control. The present study tested a model, in which food craving was hypothesised to be an intervening causal variable, on a causal pathway between responsivity to environmental cues and the development of obesity. One hundred and twenty four participants (aged 21-71 years, 83 females and 41 males) completed the study. Participants completed the Dutch eating behaviour questionnaire (DEBQ), measuring external eating (externality), emotional eating (emotionality) and restrained eating behaviour (restraint), and an adapted form of the food craving inventory (FCI), assessing cravings for carbohydrate, fats, sweets and fast food fats, in addition to total food cravings. Initial analysis showed positive correlations between FCI-tot and body mass index (BMI), FCI-fats and BMI and FCI-fast food fats and BMI in both men and women, and between FCI-carbohydrates and BMI in men only. Multiple regression analyses showed externality as the principal predictor of food craving, which was greater in males compared to females, but differential for different food groups between genders. Restrained eating and cravings for fats and fast food fats were negatively associated in women only. As predicted, total cravings, and cravings for fats and fast food foods mediated the positive association between external eating and BMI. It is concluded that appetitive response to external cues as an important risk factor in appetite control is mediated through cravings for particular food groups and is gender-dependent.
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PMID:The influence of restrained and external eating patterns on overeating. 1734 17

In this report, we have assessed the behavioral responses of mice missing the Ppif gene (CyPD-KO), encoding mitochondrial cyclophilin D (CyPD). Mitochondrial CyPD is a key modulator of the mitochondrial permeability transition which is involved in the regulation of calcium- and oxidative damage-induced cell death. Behavioral screening of CyPD-KO mice (ranging between 4 and 15 months of age) was accomplished using a battery of behavioral paradigms which included testing of motor functions, exploratory activity, and anxiety/emotionality, as well as learning and memory skills. We found that, compared with wild-type mice, CyPD-KO mice were (i) more anxious and less explorative in open field and elevated plus maze and (ii) performed better in learning and memory of avoidance tasks, such as active and passive avoidance. However, the absence of CyPD did not alter the nociceptive threshold for thermal stimuli. Finally, deletion of CyPD caused also an abnormal accumulation of white adipose tissue resulting in adult-onset obesity, which was not dependent on increased food and/or water intake. Taken together, our results suggest a new fundamental role of mitochondrial CyPD in basal brain functions and body weight homeostasis.
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PMID:Enhancement of anxiety, facilitation of avoidance behavior, and occurrence of adult-onset obesity in mice lacking mitochondrial cyclophilin D. 1862 Nov 1

In spite of significant progress in pharmacotherapy the incidence of newly diagnosed cases of cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular morbidity is alarmingly high. Treatment of hypertension or heart failure still remains a serious challenge. Continuous attempts are made to identify the mechanisms that decide about susceptibility to pathogenic factors, and to determine effectiveness of a specific therapeutic approach. Coincidence of cardiovascular diseases with metabolic disorders and obesity has initiated intensive research for their common background. In the recent years increasing attention has been drawn to disproportionately greater number of depressive disorders and susceptibility to stress in patients with coronary artery disease. An opposite relationship, i.e. a greater number of sudden cardiovascular complications in patients with depression, has been also postulated. Progress in functional neuroanatomy and neurochemistry provided new information about the neural network responsible for regulation of cardiovascular functions, metabolism and emotionality in health and under pathological conditions. In this review we will focus on the role of neuromodulators and neurotransmitters engaged in regulation of the cardiovascular system, neuroendocrine and metabolic functions in health and in pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and obesity. Among them are classical neurotransmitters (epinephrine and norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA), classical (CRH, vasopressin, neuropeptide Y) and newly discovered (orexins, apelin, leptin IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, ghrelin) neuropeptides, gasotransmitters, eicozanoids, endocannabinoids, and some other compounds involved in regulation of neuroendocrine, sympatho-adrenal and parasympathetic nervous systems. Special attention is drawn to those factors which play a role in immunology and inflammatory processes. Interaction between various neurotransmitter/neuromodulatory systems which may be involved in integration of metabolic and cardiovascular functions is analyzed. The survey gives evidence for significant disturbances in release or action of the same mediators in hypertension heart failure, obesity, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, starvation, chronic stress, depression and other psychiatric disorders. With regard to the pathogenic background of the cardiovascular diseases especially valuable are the studies showing inappropriate function of angiotensin peptides, vasopressin, CRH, apelin, cytokines and orexins in chronic stress, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The studies surveyed in this review suggest that multiple brain mechanisms interact together sharing the same neural circuits responsible for adjustment of function of the cardiovascular system and metabolism to current needs.
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PMID:Brain and cardiovascular diseases: common neurogenic background of cardiovascular, metabolic and inflammatory diseases. 2108 94


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