Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to investigate the prevalence of the Taq I A1 allele of the dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) in obesity with and without comorbid substance use disorder, a total of 40 patients, from an outpatient neuropsychiatric clinic in Princeton, New Jersey, were genotyped for presence or absence of the Taq I DRD2 A1 allele. The primary inclusion criterion for 40 obese subjects was a body mass index (BMI) equal to or over 25 (uncharacterized); 11 obese subjects had severe substance use disorder; 20 controls had a BMI below 25; and, 33 substance use disorder (less severe) patients had a BMI below 25. The data were statistically compared with three different sets of controls divided into three separate groups (Group I, n = 20; Group II, n = 286; Group III, n = 714). They differed according to screening criteria (drug, alcohol, nicotine abuse/dependence, BMI below 25 and other related behaviours including parental history of alcoholism or drug abuse and DSM IV, Axis I and Axis II diagnoses). Groups II and III were population controls derived from the literature. The prevalence of the Taq I A1D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) alleles was determined in 40 Caucasian obese females and males. In this sample with a mean BMI of 32.35 +/- 1.02, the A1 allele of the DRD2 gene was present in 52.5% of these obese subjects. Furthermore, we found that in the 23 obese subjects possessing comorbid substance use disorder, the prevalence of the DRD2 A1 allele significantly increased compared to the 17 obese subjects without comorbid substance use disorder. The DRD2 A1 allele was present in 73.9% of the obese subjects with comorbid substance use disorder compared to 23.5% in obese subjects without comorbid substance use disorder. Moreover, when we assessed severity of substance usage (alcoholism, cocaine dependence, etc.) increasing severity of drug use increased the prevalence of the Taq I DRD2 A1 allele; where 66.67% (8/12) of less severe probands possessed the A1 allele compared to 82% (9/11) of the most severe cases. Linear trend analyses showed that increasing use of drugs was positively and significantly associated with A1 allelic classification (p < 0.00001). These preliminary data suggest that the presence of the DRD2 A1 allele confirms increased risk not only for obesity, but also for other related addictive behaviours (previously referred to as the Reward Deficiency Syndrome) and that a BMI over 25 by itself (without characterization of macroselection or comorbid substance use disorders) is not a sufficient criterion for association with the DRD2 A1 allele.
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PMID:Increased prevalence of the Taq I A1 allele of the dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) in obesity with comorbid substance use disorder: a preliminary report. 887 16

This paper describes the mental health services provided at a high school based health center that integrates mental health and medical services. Five years after the inception of the center in 1988, mental health visits had quadrupled. In 1992 alone, students made 1,002 mental health visits. Strikingly, one-third of these students reported problematic substance use among other family members. Other leading reasons for utilizing mental health services included pregnancy (19%), past or present suicidal ideation (14%), obesity (8.7%), ongoing depression (8%), and issues related to sexuality (7.5%).
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PMID:Mental health care in a high school based health service. 958 56

This statement describes the possible negative health effects of television viewing on children and adolescents, such as violent or aggressive behavior, substance use, sexual activity, obesity, poor body image, and decreased school performance. In addition to the television ratings system and the v-chip (electronic device to block programming), media education is an effective approach to mitigating these potential problems. The American Academy of Pediatrics offers a list of recommendations on this issue for pediatricians and for parents, the federal government, and the entertainment industry.
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PMID:American Academy of Pediatrics: Children, adolescents, and television. 1115 83

Meetings with a group of 150 teenagers from high school, aged 15-18, were held in the Literary Cafe in Bytom. The problems that were discussed included threats of contemporary world such as: alcoholism, smoking, excessive participation in watching TV, video and Internet. During the meeting drawings, graphics arts and poetry enabled informal entering into conversation with young people and encouraged them to express their opinions. At the next meeting, which took place in High School, a survey was carried out in a group of 33 teenagers. The results of the survey showed that young people assign 6 hours 30 min. on average for rest at night, 3 hours 20 min. on average for watching TV, 2 hours 45 min. for computer, 2 hours 30 min for Internet, 1 hour 30 min for video. 12 out of 27 teenagers are mentally and physically tired after school, 15 teenagers have a rest after school, 18 teenagers fell ill during the school year and answered that they are nervous. 6 answered that they are sometimes nervous. 17 young people like alcohol and tried have it and 6 were drunk up. 14 teenagers like commercials on TV and 19 do not like them 27 children do not belong to any organisations. 12 teenagers have smoked cigarettes and 9 rarely have smoked cigarettes. 1 teenager has taken drugs. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Public Education describes the possible negative health effects of television viewing on children and adolescents, such as violent or aggressive behavior, substance use, sexual activity, obesity, poor body image, and decreased school performance. In addition to the television ratings system and the v-chip (electronic device to block programming), media education is an effective approach to mitigate these potential problems. The European Society of Social Paediatrics (ESSOP) and American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) offers a list of recommendations on this issue for pediatricians and for parents, the federal government, and entertainment industry.
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PMID:[Fatigue and audio-visual tiredness and duties of youth from high school]. 1500 11

Comorbidity is the rule, not the exception, in bipolar disorder. The most common mental disorders that co-occur with bipolar disorder in community studies include anxiety, substance use, and conduct disorders. Disorders of eating, sexual behavior, attention-deficit/hyperactivity, and impulse control, as well as autism spectrum disorders and Tourette's disorder, co-occur with bipolar disorder in clinical samples. The most common general medical comorbidities are migraine, thyroid illness, obesity, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Bipolarity is a marker for comorbidity, and comorbid disorders, especially multiple conditions occurring when a patient is young, may be a marker for bipolarity. Relatively few controlled clinical studies have examined the treatment of bipolar disorder in the context of comorbid conditions (i.e., complicated or comorbid bipolar disorder). However, the first step in treating any type of complicated bipolar disorder--stabilizing a patient's mood--may be associated with improving the comorbid disorder. Standard mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics, and non-antimanic antiepileptic agents are emerging as potentially useful treatments for several of the disorders that frequently co-occur with bipolar disorder, and therefore may be useful treatments for comorbid bipolar disorder.
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PMID:Diagnosing and treating comorbid (complicated) bipolar disorder. 1555 95

Previous studies have implicated acculturation to the US as a risk factor for unhealthy behaviors among Hispanic and Asian-American adolescents, including substance use, violence, and unsafe sex. This study examined the association between acculturation and obesity-related behaviors-physical activity and fast-food consumption-among 619 Asian-American and 1385 Hispanic adolescents in Southern California. Respondents completed surveys in 6th and 7th grade. The 6th grade survey assessed acculturation with the AHIMSA acculturation scale and a measure of English language usage. The 7th grade survey assessed frequency of moderate-to-intense physical activity and frequency of eating fast-food. Multiple regression analyses included acculturation and demographic covariates as predictors of physical activity and fast-food consumption. Acculturation to the US, assessed in 6th grade, was significantly associated with a lower frequency of physical activity participation and a higher frequency of fast-food consumption in 7th grade. The significant associations persisted after controlling for covariates and were consistent across gender and ethnic groups. Results suggest that acculturation to the US is a risk factor for obesity-related behaviors among Asian-American and Hispanic adolescents. Health promotion programs are needed to encourage physical activity and healthy diets among adolescents in acculturating families.
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PMID:Acculturation, physical activity, and fast-food consumption among Asian-American and Hispanic adolescents. 1558 46

Anorexic and bulimic eating disorders today are rather frequent in adolescent girls and young women of developed industrial countries. News media frequently report such patients, and lay people are interested. For scientists, it is not easy to explain the etiology and pathophysiology of these eating disorders. Clinically, treatment is a challenge. General risk factors for the development of anorexic and bulimic eating disorders are (1) female gender, (2) adolescence, and (3) living in an industrial country. Special risk factors are (1) obesity or mental disorders (eating, depression, substance use), (2) premorbid characteristics (early menarche, childhood obesity, anxiety disorder, low self-esteem, and perfectionism), and (3) premorbid stresses. Biological and sociocultural factors and personally threatening experiences all play a role in the etiology. Especially in early phases of the illness, affected patients do not appear to suffer, are reluctant to admit symptoms, and may avoid necessary treatment. Progress has recently been made in the understanding and treatment of anorexic and bulimic eating disorders.
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PMID:[Anorexic and bulimic eating disorders]. 1613 32

Though marijuana has been reported to stimulate appetite, we searched for a correlation between obesity and decreased marijuana use. We examined charts of all females referred for morbid obesity/weight management in a 12-month period. BMI and substance use data were collected from 297 charts. While 29% of the sample with BMI < 30 (n = 7) used marijuana in the past year, only 21% of those with BMI 30-39 (n = 84), 16% of those with BMI 40-49 (n = 110) and 14% (n = 96) of those with BMI > 50 used marijuana in the past year. Linear regression revealed a negative correlation between BMI group and percent marijuana use (R-squared = 0.96; P = 0.0173). These findings provide support for overeating as competition for drugs and alcohol in brain reward sites.
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PMID:Body mass index and marijuana use. 1618 86

Fifty years ago, American Indian and Alaska Native children faced an overwhelming burden of disease, especially infectious diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, tuberculosis, hepatitis A and B, and gastrointestinal disease. Death rates of American Indian/Alaska Native infants between 1 month and 1 year were much higher than in the US population as a whole, largely because of these infectious diseases. The health care of American Indian/Alaska Native patients was transferred to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 1955 and placed under the administration of an agency soon to be known as the Indian Health Service. The few early pediatricians in the Indian Health Service recognized the severity of the challenges facing American Indian/Alaska Native children and asked for help. The American Academy of Pediatrics responded by creating the Committee on Indian Health in 1965. In 1986 the Committee on Native American Child Health replaced the Committee on Indian Health. Through the involved activity of these committees, the American Academy of Pediatrics participated in and influenced Indian Health Service policies and services and, combined with improved transportation, sanitation, and access to vaccines and direct services, led to vast improvements in the health of American Indian/Alaska Native children. In 1965, American Indian/Alaska Native postneonatal mortality was more than 3 times that of the general population of the United States. It is still more than twice as high as in other races but has decreased 89% since 1965. Infectious diseases, which caused almost one fourth of all American Indian/Alaska Native child deaths in 1965, now cause <1%. The Indian Health Service and tribal health programs, authorized by the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1976 (Pub L. 93-638), continue to seek American Academy of Pediatrics review and assistance through the Committee on Native American Child Health to find and implement interventions for emerging child health problems related to pervasive poverty of many American Indian/Alaska Native communities. Acute infectious diseases that once were responsible for excess morbidity and mortality now are replaced by excess rates resulting from harmful behaviors, substance use, obesity, and injuries (unintentional and intentional). Through strong working partnerships such as that of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Indian Health Service, progress hopefully will occur to address this "new morbidity." In this article we document the history of the Indian Health Service and the American Academy of Pediatrics committees that have worked with it and present certain statistics related to American Indian/Alaska Native child health that show the severity of the health-status disparities challenging American Indian/Alaska Native children and youth.
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PMID:Forty years in partnership: the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Indian Health Service. 1701 14

A concise review of the literature on the influence of electronic media on children's health is given. The exposure to different media is estimated with special reference to the situation in Germany. The impact on violence and aggressive behavior, on sexuality, on physical activity, obesity and nutrition, on substance use and abuse and addiction, on anxiety, depression, irregular sleep, and attention deficits, on cognition, language and reading, creativity is discussed. Although some of the results reported are still in question, there is no doubt that television and other electronic media negatively influence children's mental and somatic well-being. They have fundamentally changed the life of children and expose them to a powerful experiment with unpredictable and possibly irreversible outcome.
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PMID:The impact of electronic media on mental and somatic children's health. 1786 77


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