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Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study was undertaken to determine whether changes in muscle mass, muscle fiber diameter, or shifts in fiber type occur in the aspartic acid-injected rat, an animal model of hypothalamically induced obesity. We found that diaphragm, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscle mass was 140, 149, and 171% greater, respectively, in control compared with aspartic acid-injected rats. No differences were noted in heart weights. Significant reductions in mean fiber diameter of aspartic compared with control rats were present in each skeletal muscle. Furthermore, significant size reductions were noted for each fiber type in the diaphragm, with fast-glycolytic fibers showing the greatest reduction compared with controls at both 7 and 12 mo. Fiber type composition within the diaphragm did not differ between groups but showed a change with age. These results are compared with genetic models of obesity, the Zucker rat and the ob/ob mouse, as well as the ventromedial hypothalamic lesioned rat and the gold thioglucose mouse. Based on these results, the aspartic rat appears more similar to the two genetic models of obesity and also mimics some of the effects of malnutrition in rodents.
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PMID:Characterization of muscles from aspartic acid obese rats. 401 90

The rural population of many developing countries show an association between poor health and malnutrition, but little information is available on the urban communities. To investigate nutritional status there, the researchers chose Luveve, a black township of Zimbabwe. The heads of the household from each of 70 blocks were interviewed and the circumference of their families' mid upper arms were measured. Of the households visited, incomes ranged from US$30 to $300 per month. Food supplies were purchased from a grocer; the majority also maintained a vegetable garden. Diets were found to consist primarily of refined cereals, vegetables, soft drinks, and some milk and eggs. As regards infant feeding, the 66 mothers interviewed reported weaning their babies from the breast by 5 months. On the basis of arm circumference measurements, the population was not found to be undernourished. In fact, gross obesity was observed in 50% of the adults and many preschool children. Subnutrition was reported in only 3 members of the community. These measures vary considerably from those of the rural populations. The most significant finding was widespread obesity probably due to the high consumption of refined, starchy products. This could translate into obesity related diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
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PMID:Nutritional status of an urban community in Zimbabwe. 401 9

Estimated prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Malaysia was about 2%. Diabetes was most common in Indians especially males and least common in Chinese. There was a slight male preponderance seen in Malays and Indians. Positive family history was obtained in 14% of cases most commonly in Malays, almost 1/3 of whom had more than one family member with diabetes. Familial association was uncommon in Chinese. Over 50% of patients were overweight. Obesity was noted in nearly 70% of female Malays and Indians while the majority of Chinese were not overweight. More than 80% of patients were non insulin requiring. Youth onset diabetes was considered rare; those 10 years and below were estimated to be only 0.4% and below 20 years of age between 2%-4% of the diabetic population. Females were twice as common than males in this type of diabetes and familial association was greater. Malnutrition-related diabetes and pancreatic calcification were not well-documented but youth-onset non insulin requiring diabetics with mild symptoms but strong family history of diabetes were observed. More than half of hospital-based patients had evidence of complications, mainly amongst Malays and Indians. Hypertension was the most frequent associated disease followed by foot ulcers and ischaemic heart disease. Hypertension usually associated with chronic renal failure was most common amongst Malays while gangrenic ulcers and heart diseases were seen mainly in Indians. The major causes of death were chronic renal failure, myocardial infarction, ketoacidosis, stroke and septicaemia related to gangrene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Diabetes mellitus in peninsular Malaysia: ethnic differences in prevalence and complications. 403 85

A nutritional field survey was undertaken in 11 rural districts of Kwazulu. Standard anthropometric measurements (weight, height, triceps skinfold thickness, mid-arm circumference) were taken from 1 725 adults (616 males, 1 109 females), including 337 old-age pensioners, and a recall dietary intake questionnaire was completed by 297 male and 572 female Zulus. Mean body weights (+/- SD) were 95 +/- 10% of ideal for males and 118 +/- 15% for females. Consequently 39% of the male sample was undernourished (i.e. less than 80% ideal weight) and 17% of the female group obese (greater than 140% ideal weight). Undernutrition was significantly more common in old-age pensioners, with 73% of males and 23% of females being below 80% of the standard for body weight. Diet consisted mainly of refined maize meal (putu) 2-3 times per day. Meat and fresh milk were rarely taken, the average intake frequency for men being once a week and for women once a fortnight. Vegetable intake was seasonal, wild spinach and cabbage being consumed daily only during the summer rainfall months. Average fibre intake was therefore surprisingly low at approximately 10 g/d per individual. In conclusion, although poor socio-economic conditions are the root cause of most of the malnutrition problems observed, basic nutritional education can at least partially help by advising the population of the importance of a varied diet and the problems associated with obesity. More use of legumes, eggs, milk and fish products should significantly improve the diet. The reasons for the particularly high incidence of malnutrition among the elderly need further investigation.
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PMID:The nutritional status of black adults in rural districts of Natal and Kwazulu. 404 78

Two groups of old-age pensioners in St. Paul's Cray were screened for physical illness, social and family connexions, and personal activities. The first group comprised 100 people (10% random sample of a suburban practice of 12,000 patients), and the second group comprised the total population of a sheltered area (85 people).The findings showed that geographical separation of relatives was a significant factor in the isolation of old people. Lack of exercise and obesity seriously increased the risk of urinary infection; malnutrition and nutritional anaemia were found to be other potentially important problems in the elderly. In 13% of the elderly population three out of five seriously adverse factors (over 80, isolation, housebound, living alone, serious chronic Illness) were found to be present.It is imperative that the group of high-risk elderly should receive the services they need; it is suggested that a policy of an adequate sheltered area supported by a geriatric service should be an extension of group medical practice.
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PMID:Pilot study of old-age pensioners. 576 64

Dr. Grayson (February 21, p. 445) asks about changes in vital statistics of 3rd world populations as they develop. Of African populations, those in Johannesburg and other large South African cities, while still in transition, have now reached a relatively high level of sophistication. Their health pattern is likely to be that of other African countries as they prosper. The (IMR) infant mortality rate of blacks in Soweto, Johannesburg, is about 40/1000 live births, although nearer 30 in the regularly employed elite. This figure is similar to that for blacks in New York in 1965 and for class 5 persons in the United Kingdom. Small-town dwellers have higher IMRs and in rural areas the rates are higher still although they are decreasing everywhere. Family size is decreasing; in urban areas the average family has 3-4 children and the elite have 2-3. In Johannesburg during the 1960s, the birth rate was about 40/1000 and it is now 25. While the rate is higher in rural areas, it is falling. In the very young, gastroenteritis with or without malnutrition is still the leading cause of sickness and death in both urban and rural areas. Rates are however decreasing. Deficiency diseases, especially pellagra, remain a health problem in some areas. Tuberculosis still continues to be a major hazard although it is being dealt with. With the rise in socioeconomic status and associated changes in diet and lifestyle, obesity, especially in urban areas and especially among women, is becoming very prominent. Hypertension is more common and is the leading cause of natural death among urban dwellers. The toll from coronary heart disease and noninfective bowel disease remains inexplicably low, but diabetes is only somewhat less prevalent than it is among whites. Changes in cancar pattern and rates are slight; however, esophageal cancer in men and cervical cancer in women are the main causes of concern in the urban centers and some rural areas. Rising alcohol consumption is a major problem with its ramifications in pancreatic, liver, and heart problems. Cigarette smoking is now as common as among whites. Because of low rates for most degenerative diseases, blacks have, at middle age, a life expectancy exceeding that of whites. As sections of the 3rd world population prosper, the IMR decreases enormously as does family size. However, infections and malnutrition among the very young and tuberculosis in older groups remain important problems. Among adults, rises occur in some degenerative diseases but not in others, and diseases linked with hypertension and alcohol consumption have become formidably common, as they have in other developing and developed countries.
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PMID:Third World policies and realities. 611 Sep 78

Hepatic damage resembling alcoholic hepatitis has been described after jejunoileal bypass surgery for morbid obesity, but has not been previously reported as a complication of gastric partitioning operations (gastric bypass and gastroplasty). A patient who developed an alcoholic hepatitislike clinical picture 8 mo after gastroplasty is described, suggesting that malnutrition superimposed on obesity may be responsible for the injury in both settings. Reversal of the gastroplasty was associated with clinical and biochemical improvement.
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PMID:Liver injury with alcoholiclike hyalin after gastroplasty for morbid obesity. 619 39

Over the past few years the relationships and interactions of diet, disease, and immunology are becoming better defined with the development and understanding of host defenses. Nutritional state, immunity, and disease all influence each other in the hospitalized patient, the elderly, and the young. Disease can alter nutritional needs and immune responses to antigens. The roles of both dietary excesses and deficiencies on cellular, secretory, and humoral immune responses are related to diseases and disease incidence in humans and experimental animals. Malnutrition alters incidence and severity of fungal, bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens. The mechanisms of altered disease resistance in nutritionally stressed animal models occurs via changes in the lymphoreticular endothelial system. The effects of common nutritional deficiencies, low protein, and low carbohydrate diets on antibody production, macrophage function, secretory IgA synthesis, and T-cell functions. Nutritional supplementation can increase lymphocyte function and decrease growth of some pathogens and tumors. Alternatively, obesity and high fat have roles in infectious disease and immunity.
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PMID:Resistance to bacterial and parasitic infections in the nutritionally compromised host. 636 58

In response to recent studies from India suggesting that malnutrition, as assessed by anthropometric indexes, affects metabolism of oral progestogens, this study administered a mini-pill containing .35 mg of norethindrone (NET) and combination pills containing 250 or 150 mcg of d-norgestrel (d-NG) and either 50 or 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol as a single dose for fasting women of high and low income. Blood samples were collected for up to 24 hours for NET and 80 hours for the combination pills. Pharmacokinetics were evaluated by a least-squares method. Anthropometric measurements were also made. Peak NET levels occurred within 1-2 hours; half-life of plasma NET was shorter among low income, malnourished women compared with high income, well-nourished women. A direct correlation between weight/height and half-life of the drug suggests that malnutrition enhanation rate and reduces NET's half-life. Peak levels for d-NG also were reached between 1 and 2 hours after dosing. In well-nourished women, the decline in plasma d-NG was tri-exponential; malnourished women showed a biphasic curve with a neglible alpha-phase. Therefore, the lower the nutrition status, the faster the plasma clearance of these 2 orally administered compounds. Studies inn rabbits designed to elucidate this connection showed a significant elevation in specific activities of liver microsomal glucuronyl transferase and cytochrome-p450 in undernourished compared with control animals. There was also an increase in the amount (but not affinity) of uterine progesterone receptors in undernourished animals. Another study of a small group of Thai and Indian women showed positive correlation between anthropometric indexes and post peak plasma NET levels; however, an obesity study of Thai women found no such correlation.
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PMID:Influence of nutritional status on pharmacokinetics of contraceptive progestogens. 637 30

We studied plasma concentrations of TSH (basal and after TRH), thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3; rT3), free T4 and free T3 in thirty obese subjects, twenty patients with anorexia nervosa, fifteen malnourished subjects and twenty normal weight subjects. Total serum T4 values were similar for the four groups of subjects while serum free T4 values were slightly increased in anorexia nervosa and normal in the other groups. Serum total and free T3 levels were both significantly decreased in anorexia nervosa and malnutrition, and within normal limits in obesity. The mean serum rT3 level was increased in anorexia nervosa and malnutrition while was reduced in obesity. A delay in peak response of TSH to TRH stimulation (30' rather than 20') was noted in anorexia and malnourished patients. The results suggest that these alterations of serum iodothyronines are due to a different peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 according to nutritional status.
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PMID:Thyroid function in altered nutritional state. 641 28


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