Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0028754 (obesity)
 124,988 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors submit a report on the implementation of primary preventive provisions against ischaemic heart disease in a homogeneous group of young soldiers. The investigation was pursued for five years. After screening of risk factors the implementation of principles of primary prevention was started: a rational diet, control of smoking and control of obesity: Aimed comprehensive psychological and educational provisions were made in the whole group. Physical activity was increased to improve their physical fitness. The following other parameters were monitored: laboratory values, ECG tracing, somatic examination, etc. The results obtained in the intervention group were compared with those obtained in the control group, where the comprehensive preventive provisions were not made. The investigation revealed some possibilities how to implement primary prevention in practice. Positive and negative experience is discussed.
 ...
PMID:[Primary prevention of ischemic heart disease in a homogeneous young military population group]. 205 97

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the major cause of mortality in the elderly. Important risk factors include hypercholesterolemia, systolic and diastolic hypertension, cigarette smoking, hyperglycemia, and obesity. Elderly patients with existing CHD should be treated aggressively to control these risk factors, along with other medical therapies to treat myocardial ischemia. For elderly patients without recognized CHD, however, a more conservative approach is recommended and includes behavioral interventions when appropriate and pharmacologic therapy for higher risk patients with persistent, uncontrolled risk factors.
 ...
PMID:Preventive maintenance of the aging heart. 206 Aug

In the paper presented, the relationship was analysed between the educational level and the level of risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in a random sample of the Warsaw population aged 35-64 years. Men with a lower educational level (elementary or basic vocational) were found to have a significantly higher means for systolic blood pressure level, for plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration, for the numbers of cigarettes smoked daily, and for the probability of IHD development according to the multivariate logistic function of Farchi and Menotti, and also significantly greater prevalences of cigarette smoking, hypertension and overweight. And for men, a negative relationship was noted between educational level and plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration. Women with a lower educational level had a higher mean plasma triglyceride concentration, higher values of systolic and systolic blood pressures, a greater probability of IHD development, and higher prevalences of hypertension, obesity and ischaemic heart disease symptoms. And for women, a negative relationship with educational level was noted for plasma LDL-cholesterol concentration and for the mean value of the overall risk score according to Rose.
 ...
PMID:Relationship between IHD risk factors and educational level in the Warsaw Pol-MONICA population. 208 58

The author presents age- and sex-specific death rates for black and white residents of Suffolk County, New York, for all causes of death and for diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease. He finds that black-white ratios of age-specific death rates for the period 1979-1983 are elevated for all causes for men and women. Consideration is given to the effects of educational status, poverty, medical care, and obesity.
 ...
PMID:Mortality from diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease among blacks in a higher income area. 211 42

The significance of individual risk-factors associated with the ischaemic heart disease is known to be estimated differently in various stages. In this account, still more screening and evaluation of mentioned factors is continuously needed in facing different social, economical, demographical and geographical conditions. The analysis has been made of such risk-factors which are generally precluded as decisive ones (age, sex, blood lipid levels, cigarette smoking, higher blood pressure, obesity, diabetes mellitus). The majority of these factors and their interrelations may be influenced. Of special author's concern were different dependencies between the selective groups of coronarographied patients and the groups defined with mainly clinical symptomatology. Authors suggest that the analysis of proper group may be supportive in order to formulate such a complicated topic and outline the appropriate trends of secondary prevention also in their conditions.
 ...
PMID:[Atherosclerosis risk factors in patients examined by coronarography. I. Selection and evaluation of risk factors]. 213 Apr 90

The subjects of investigation in a standard clinical conditions were 4 groups of workers: blast furnace workers (n = 121), operators (n = 131), persons from managic staff (n = 73) and monks (n = 81). In all subjects 8 factors enhancing ischemic heart disease were estimated: treating family history, habit of smoking, male sex, blood hypertension, obesity, increased cholesterol concentration in blood serum and small physical activity. It was found that investigated groups were significantly different as to frequency of occurrence of ischemic heart disease risk factors.
 ...
PMID:[Risk factors of coronary heart disease in various occupational groups. I. Analysis of risk factor incidence]. 213 4

The anatomic distribution of fat is related to the risk for obesity-associated morbidity. Among individuals with equal degrees of relative adiposity, those with an upper-body preponderance of fat distribution (android) have higher rates of diabetes, stroke, ischemic heart disease, and early death than those with preferential deposition of adipose tissue in lower portions of the body (hips, thighs, buttocks; gynecoid. There are well-documented anatomic site-related differences in the relative activities of the adrenergic receptors (beta 1----lipolysis; alpha 2----antilipolysis) that control lipolysis. We assessed modifications of the status of alpha 2- and beta 1-adrenergic receptor and subreceptor function in small fragments of adipose tissue obtained by needle biopsy from the gluteal and abdominal subcutaneous regions of five android, seven gynecoid, and six uniformly obese women during a period of weight maintenance (4 weeks) (T1), and after 15% weight loss on an 840 kcal/d diet (T2). Measurements of body shape and adipocyte size were made and related to changes in the metabolism of these adipocytes. The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was used to define these three types of regional distribution of fat in these obese subjects: android = WHR greater than 0.86; gynecoid = WHR less than or equal to 0.76; uniform = WHR greater than 0.76 less than or equal to 0.86. WHR was not significantly altered by weight loss in any of the three groups. Although significant effects of time and/or anatomic site on in vitro responses to isoproterenol, norepinephrine, clonidine, forskolin, and dibutyryl cAMP were found, these did not correlate with intra-individual changes in anthropometry or adipocyte size.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Regional changes in adrenergic receptor status during hypocaloric intake do not predict changes in adipocyte size or body shape. 215 70

Many clinical studies have shown an increased insulin response to oral glucose in patients with ischemia of the heart, lower limbs, or brain. Hyperinsulinemia also occurs in patients with angiographically proved atherosclerosis without ischemia and thus appears to be related to arterial disease and not to be a nonspecific response to tissue injury. Fasting insulin levels and insulin responses to intravenous stimuli, including glucose, tolbutamide, and arginine, are normal, suggesting a gastrointestinal factor may be involved in the increased insulin response to oral glucose. In patients with atherosclerosis, insulin sensitivity appears to be normal or enhanced with respect to both glucose and lipid metabolism. Five population studies have shown that insulin responses to glucose are higher in populations at greater risk of cardiovascular disease. Many of the hyperinsulinemic populations also had upper-body obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, and hypertension. These prospective studies support an independent association between hyperinsulinemia and ischemic heart disease, although their results differ in detail. Hyperinsulinemia is associated with raised triglyceride and decreased HDL cholesterol levels. Total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is less closely related to hyperinsulinemia. Upper-body adiposity is associated (in separate studies) with coronary heart disease, diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Insulin and blood pressure are closely related in both normotensive and hypertensive people. Although obesity and diabetes are often found in hypertensive people, hyperinsulinemia also occurs in nonobese nondiabetic hypertensive people. Thus, hyperinsulinemia is closely associated with a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors, i.e., hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL levels, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and upper-body obesity. There is a possibility that insulin has a role in the sex differences in ischemic heart disease incidence and their absence in diabetes, but additional work is required for its clarification. Long-term treatment with insulin results in lipid-containing lesions and thickening of the arterial wall in experimental animals. Insulin also inhibits regression of diet-induced experimental atherosclerosis, and insulin deficiency inhibits the development of arterial lesions. Insulin stimulates lipid synthesis in arterial tissue; the effect of insulin is influenced by hemodynamic factors and may be localized to certain parts of the artery. In physiological concentrations, insulin stimulates proliferation and migration of cultured arterial smooth muscle cells but has no effort on endothelial cells cultured from large vessels. Insulin also stimulates cholesterol synthesis and LDL binding in both arterial smooth muscle cells and monocyte macrophages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Insulin and atheroma. 20-yr perspective. 199 42

Screening for dyslipoproteinemias should be undertaken in all individuals older than 20 years of age at least once every 5 years. The initial screening, as recommended by the Adult Treatment Guidelines Panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program, is to determine the concentration of total blood cholesterol. This initial determination can be made on blood obtained in the nonfasting state. Further evaluation of the patient's lipoprotein concentrations is dependent upon the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors. in the absence of definite coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, a family history of coronary artery disease, cigarette smoking, or severe obesity, the patient with a total blood cholesterol concentration less than 200 mg/dL requires no specific instruction and should have a repeated screening performed within 5 years. Patients with blood cholesterol concentrations greater than 200 mg/dL should have their lipoprotein profiles determined if they have atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or two other cardiovascular disease risk factors. The lipoprotein profile includes the determination of fasting cholesterol and triglyceride and HDL cholesterol concentrations. From these values, the LDL cholesterol concentration can be calculated. This LDL cholesterol concentration is central in selecting the appropriate therapy. HDL cholesterol concentrations may be useful in evaluating patients with ischemic heart disease. Concentrations of HDL cholesterol less than 35 mg/dL are associated with increased risk for coronary artery disease. Although there is currently no convincing evidence that support the specific treatment of depressed HDL cholesterol concentrations, therapy directed to modulating lipoprotein metabolism in patients with heart disease and low HDL concentrations may be of benefit. Patients with recurrent abdominal pain, pancreatitis, and eruptive xanthomatosis frequently have fasting hypertriglyceridemia concentrations exceeding 1000 mg/dL. These patients should be identified in order to effectively reduce their triglyceride concentrations, which can prevent these complications.
 ...
PMID:Detection and evaluation of dyslipoproteinemia. 219 76

The OSA syndrome, described over 100 years ago, was rediscovered in 1966. It is a common disorder, especially among fat, middle-aged men. Stentorian snoring and diurnal somnolence are the cardinal manifestations and should always lead to an examination during sleep. That examination (polysomnography) can demonstrate the pathognomonic events--repetitive apneas occurring in sleep--which signal the failure of the sleeping brain to maintain the patency of the supraglottic airway. All evidence points to the problem being an abnormal pharyngeal airway, one which has a shape or size or compliance that allows inspiratory collapse as the normal loss of pharyngeal dilator muscle tone occurs with sleep. The apneas are asphyxic events terminated by arousals which fragment sleep continuity and lead to the daytime sleepiness. Because the snoring occurs during sleep, the arousals are unremembered, and the sleepiness can develop so gradually that the patient may forget what normal alertness is like. It is important to interview the patient's spouse or partner. Besides obesity and maleness, other risk factors for OSA are diseases that have an impact on the configuration or effective compliance of the pharyngeal passageway. Recent studies support the clinical intuition that sleep apnea is undesirable. Sleepiness leads to accidents. The hypoxemia occurring during apnea can lead to potentially fatal cardiac dysrhythmias. A number of reports suggest that snoring and sleep apnea are associated with an increased risk of stroke, myocardial ischemia, and infarction. Finally, there are now two papers showing a significantly decreased probability of 5-year survival in patients with symptomatic sleep apnea. The good news is that treatment with tracheostomy or NCPAP improves mortality rates to normal. Approximately 90 per cent of patients can tolerate a night's initial trial with CPAP. Long-term acceptance of CPAP has now been reviewed in a number of studies, and it appears to be about 65 to 70 per cent.
 ...
PMID:Sleep disorders and upper airway obstruction in adults. 219 4


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>